{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117121122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer3.70029","title":"Investigating causal associations of circulating micronutrient concentrations with the risk of age\u2010related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy: A Mendelian randomization study","display_name":"Investigating causal associations of circulating micronutrient concentrations with the risk of age\u2010related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy: A Mendelian randomization study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117121122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer3.70029"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/eer3.70029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer3.70029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer3.70029","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/eer3.70029","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4390648422","display_name":"Eye & ENT Research","issn_l":"2835-107X","issn":["2835-107X","2835-1088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eye &amp; ENT Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/eer3.70029","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128912525","display_name":"Chengzhi Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294606314","display_name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/013e4n276","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengzhi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science Key Lab Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science Key Lab Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138869377","display_name":"Mingyue Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294606314","display_name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/013e4n276","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyue Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science Key Lab Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science Key Lab Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121187675","display_name":"Xinyu Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294606314","display_name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/013e4n276","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science Key Lab Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science Key Lab Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121167099","display_name":"Jiaqi Shen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294606314","display_name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/013e4n276","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science Key Lab Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science Key Lab Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114750823","display_name":"Xusheng Cao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294606314","display_name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/013e4n276","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xusheng Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science Key Lab Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science Key Lab Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114750823"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314","https://openalex.org/I183519381"],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53361788,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"4","first_page":"264","last_page":"274"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9574999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9574999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.012799999676644802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13984","display_name":"Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-related-macular-degeneration","display_name":"age-related macular degeneration","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"diabetic retinopathy","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/micronutrients","display_name":"micronutrients","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serum-magnesium","display_name":"serum magnesium","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-b6","display_name":"vitamin B6","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-neovascular-disease","display_name":"retinal neovascular disease","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-relationship","display_name":"causal relationship","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neovascular-age-related-macular-degeneration","display_name":"neovascular age-related macular degeneration","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/therapeutic-target","display_name":"therapeutic target","score":0.8330000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779901538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6816584","display_name":"Mendelian randomization","level":5,"score":0.8968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.772599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14522933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531507","display_name":"Micronutrient","level":2,"score":0.6754000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776403814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27429789","display_name":"Macular degeneration","level":2,"score":0.67330002784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.5730999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.527899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.49720001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776940978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34956","display_name":"Vitamin","level":2,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106208931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1098876","display_name":"Genome-wide association study","level":5,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153209595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q501128","display_name":"Single-nucleotide polymorphism","level":4,"score":0.3528999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146304588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q961652","display_name":"Case-control study","level":2,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124490489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936963","display_name":"Vitamin D and neurology","level":2,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204243189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363085","display_name":"Randomization","level":3,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777551382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141180","display_name":"Vitamin E","level":3,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186413461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744727","display_name":"Genetic association","level":5,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778313320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550455","display_name":"Retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778379183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3234924","display_name":"Isoflavonoid","level":4,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188816634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2113324","display_name":"Prospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99476002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42297","display_name":"Analysis of variance","level":2,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/eer3.70029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer3.70029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer3.70029","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/eer3.70029","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4390648422","display_name":"Eye & ENT Research","issn_l":"2835-107X","issn":["2835-107X","2835-1088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eye &amp; ENT Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:981a56e9021c44cb9675e9105d2a465e","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/981a56e9021c44cb9675e9105d2a465e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Eye & ENT Research, Vol 2, Iss 4, Pp 264-274 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/eer3.70029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer3.70029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer3.70029","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/eer3.70029","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4390648422","display_name":"Eye & ENT Research","issn_l":"2835-107X","issn":["2835-107X","2835-1088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eye &amp; ENT Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.7713538408279419}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7117121122.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7117121122.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W197217907","https://openalex.org/W1905058580","https://openalex.org/W1944187298","https://openalex.org/W1974618278","https://openalex.org/W2002638017","https://openalex.org/W2047301512","https://openalex.org/W2060217321","https://openalex.org/W2080379275","https://openalex.org/W2090475821","https://openalex.org/W2113699335","https://openalex.org/W2128736149","https://openalex.org/W2159411893","https://openalex.org/W2160226180","https://openalex.org/W2792510634","https://openalex.org/W2803072880","https://openalex.org/W2940909339","https://openalex.org/W2947689354","https://openalex.org/W2987576051","https://openalex.org/W2988969159","https://openalex.org/W3020059669","https://openalex.org/W3026279730","https://openalex.org/W3080431010","https://openalex.org/W3107003920","https://openalex.org/W3110220146","https://openalex.org/W3158522809","https://openalex.org/W3199869910","https://openalex.org/W3200747207","https://openalex.org/W3210570897","https://openalex.org/W3211047555","https://openalex.org/W3211930165","https://openalex.org/W4211031298","https://openalex.org/W4220891511","https://openalex.org/W4223947378","https://openalex.org/W4225133335","https://openalex.org/W4317390883","https://openalex.org/W4412131745"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Age\u2010related":[2],"macular":[3],"degeneration":[4],"(AMD)":[5],"and":[6,26,29,66,142,199,218,229],"diabetic":[7],"retinopathy":[8],"(DR)":[9],"are":[10],"two":[11],"prevalent":[12],"retinal":[13],"neovascular":[14],"diseases":[15],"globally.":[16],"Although":[17],"observational":[18],"studies":[19,61],"have":[20],"suggested":[21],"a":[22,97,129,159,194,208],"link":[23],"between":[24],"micronutrients":[25],"both":[27,227],"AMD":[28,65,133,144,228],"DR,":[30,230],"the":[31,43,72,83,93,105,120],"causal":[32,38],"relationship":[33],"remains":[34],"unconfirmed.":[35],"Methods":[36],"The":[37,75,116,172],"estimation":[39],"was":[40,101],"performed":[41,102],"using":[42,119],"Mendelian":[44],"randomization":[45],"(MR)":[46],"method.":[47],"Single\u2010nucleotide":[48],"polymorphisms":[49],"(SNPs)":[50],"for":[51,64,226],"circulating":[52],"micronutrient":[53],"levels":[54],"were":[55,69],"sourced":[56],"from":[57,71],"published":[58],"genome\u2010wide":[59],"association":[60],"(GWAS).":[62],"Data":[63],"DR":[67,163],"GWAS":[68],"obtained":[70],"FinnGen":[73],"consortium.":[74],"inverse":[76],"variance":[77],"weighted":[78],"(IVW)":[79],"method":[80,122],"served":[81],"as":[82],"primary":[84],"MR":[85,94,99,113,117,174],"analysis,":[86],"with":[87,128,193,207],"sensitivity":[88],"analyses":[89],"conducted":[90],"to":[91,103,158],"validate":[92],"hypothesis.":[95],"Additionally,":[96],"reverse":[98,109,173,180],"analysis":[100,118,175],"assess":[104],"potential":[106,223],"influence":[107],"of":[108,132,162,197,211],"causality":[110],"in":[111],"our":[112],"study.":[114],"Results":[115],"IVW":[121],"indicated":[123],"that":[124,186,216],"magnesium":[125,190,217],"is":[126,156,191,205],"associated":[127,192,206],"reduced":[130,195],"risk":[131,161,196,210],"(OR:":[134,145,164],"0.687,":[135],"95%":[136,147,166],"CI:":[137,148,167],"0.512\u20130.921,":[138],"p":[139,150,169],"=":[140,151,170],"0.012)":[141],"wet":[143],"0.640,":[146],"0.433\u20130.944,":[149],"0.025).":[152],"Furthermore,":[153],"vitamin":[154,203,219],"B6":[155,204,220],"linked":[157],"decreased":[160,209],"0.754,":[165],"0.574\u20130.990,":[168],"0.042).":[171],"did":[176],"not":[177],"detect":[178],"any":[179],"causality.":[181],"Conclusions":[182],"This":[183],"study":[184],"found":[185],"genetically":[187,200],"determined":[188,201],"serum":[189,202],"AMD,":[198],"DR.":[212],"These":[213],"findings":[214],"suggest":[215],"could":[221],"be":[222],"therapeutic":[224],"targets":[225],"respectively.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2025-12-24T00:00:00"}
