{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7115073798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108745","title":"Material bottlenecks of batteries within the energy transition","display_name":"Material bottlenecks of batteries within the energy transition","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7115073798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108745"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108745","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18051569","display_name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","issn_l":"0921-3449","issn":["0921-3449","1879-0658"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Resources, Conservation and Recycling","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108745","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lana S\u00f6ltzer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lana S\u00f6ltzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, Institute of Climate and Energy Systems, J\u00fclich Systems Analysis, Wilhelm-Johnen-Stra\u00dfe, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany","RWTH Aachen, University Chair for Fuel Cells, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Templergraben 55, 52062 Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, Institute of Climate and Energy Systems, J\u00fclich Systems Analysis, Wilhelm-Johnen-Stra\u00dfe, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen, University Chair for Fuel Cells, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Templergraben 55, 52062 Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bernhard Wortmann","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernhard Wortmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, Institute of Climate and Energy Systems, J\u00fclich Systems Analysis, Wilhelm-Johnen-Stra\u00dfe, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany","RWTH Aachen, University Chair for Fuel Cells, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Templergraben 55, 52062 Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, Institute of Climate and Energy Systems, J\u00fclich Systems Analysis, Wilhelm-Johnen-Stra\u00dfe, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen, University Chair for Fuel Cells, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Templergraben 55, 52062 Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Detlef Stolten","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Detlef Stolten","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen, University Chair for Fuel Cells, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Templergraben 55, 52062 Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen, University Chair for Fuel Cells, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Templergraben 55, 52062 Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jochen Lin\u00dfen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jochen Lin\u00dfen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, Institute of Climate and Energy Systems, J\u00fclich Systems Analysis, Wilhelm-Johnen-Stra\u00dfe, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, Institute of Climate and Energy Systems, J\u00fclich Systems Analysis, Wilhelm-Johnen-Stra\u00dfe, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Heidi Heinrichs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9536-9465","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9536-9465"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206895457","display_name":"University of Siegen","ror":"https://ror.org/02azyry73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heidi Heinrichs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, Institute of Climate and Energy Systems, J\u00fclich Systems Analysis, Wilhelm-Johnen-Stra\u00dfe, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany","University of Siegen, Chair for Energy Systems Analysis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 57076 Siegen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9536-9465","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, Institute of Climate and Energy Systems, J\u00fclich Systems Analysis, Wilhelm-Johnen-Stra\u00dfe, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Siegen, Chair for Energy Systems Analysis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 57076 Siegen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758","https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"apc_list":{"value":5270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5270},"apc_paid":{"value":5270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5270},"fwci":2.1094,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8717271,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"227","issue":null,"first_page":"108745","last_page":"108745"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10018","display_name":"Advancements in Battery Materials","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10435","display_name":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium-ion-batteries","display_name":"lithium-ion batteries","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-raw-materials","display_name":"critical raw materials","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicles","display_name":"electric vehicles","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage","display_name":"energy storage","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-recycling","display_name":"battery recycling","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-life-batteries","display_name":"second-life batteries","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ipcc-scenarios","display_name":"IPCC climate scenarios","score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-security","display_name":"resource security","score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-transition","display_name":"energy transition","score":0.8199999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.6628999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.6168000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.5742999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5015000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.47540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4564000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777890234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q795757","display_name":"Energy transition","level":4,"score":0.4526999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989104859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery capacity","level":4,"score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.3822000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776190866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341477","display_name":"Energy supply","level":3,"score":0.3571000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983735921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1832610","display_name":"Battery storage","level":4,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143517461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138571","display_name":"Renewable resource","level":3,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982926626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1962383","display_name":"Sustainable energy","level":3,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50292345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337724","display_name":"Lead\u2013acid battery","level":4,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118334743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846292","display_name":"Zero emission","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120441037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059714","display_name":"Primary energy","level":3,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18785705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931373","display_name":"Scenario analysis","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108745","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18051569","display_name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","issn_l":"0921-3449","issn":["0921-3449","1879-0658"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Resources, Conservation and Recycling","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:1024491","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/1024491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401362","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Resources, conservation and recycling 227, 108745 (2026). doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108745","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108745","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18051569","display_name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","issn_l":"0921-3449","issn":["0921-3449","1879-0658"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Resources, Conservation and Recycling","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9853000044822693,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"score":0.9786999821662903,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"score":0.807699978351593,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"},{"score":0.7207000255584717,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5787039399147034,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G537704074","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101076649","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","funder_display_name":"H2020 European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6825342648","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"03SF0716","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325698","display_name":"Helmholtz Association","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","display_name":"H2020 European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072838135","https://openalex.org/W2568686267","https://openalex.org/W2572903225","https://openalex.org/W2922022233","https://openalex.org/W2993177478","https://openalex.org/W3083565827","https://openalex.org/W3112167541","https://openalex.org/W3136484099","https://openalex.org/W3150066018","https://openalex.org/W3176313579","https://openalex.org/W3187430658","https://openalex.org/W3209060507","https://openalex.org/W4304128346","https://openalex.org/W4306410446","https://openalex.org/W4308959205","https://openalex.org/W4317034821","https://openalex.org/W4321014811","https://openalex.org/W4381847869","https://openalex.org/W4387141402","https://openalex.org/W4400814050","https://openalex.org/W4405947731","https://openalex.org/W4410272004","https://openalex.org/W4414695238"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"growing":[1],"adoption":[2],"of":[3,102,135],"electric":[4,24],"vehicles":[5,25],"has":[6,40],"significantly":[7],"increased":[8],"demand":[9],"for":[10],"advanced":[11],"energy":[12,31],"storage":[13,32],"solutions.":[14],"Lithium-ion":[15],"batteries":[16],"are":[17],"at":[18],"the":[19,74,93,98,103,133],"forefront,":[20],"primarily":[21],"used":[22],"in":[23,28,97,117,127],"and":[26,47,69,100,125,139],"increasingly":[27],"stationary":[29],"renewable":[30],"systems.":[33],"However,":[34],"their":[35],"reliance":[36],"on":[37,79],"critical":[38],"resources":[39],"spurred":[41],"research":[42],"into":[43],"alternative":[44],"cathode":[45],"materials":[46],"next-generation":[48],"battery":[49,76,95],"types.":[50],"Since":[51],"it":[52],"is":[53],"unclear":[54],"whether":[55,65],"such":[56],"advances":[57],"can":[58,72],"offset":[59],"expected":[60],"material":[61,120],"shortages,":[62],"we":[63],"assess":[64],"global":[66],"reserves,":[67],"production,":[68],"recycling":[70,110],"capacity":[71],"support":[73],"projected":[75],"growth.":[77],"Based":[78],"IPCC":[80],"scenarios":[81,105],"up":[82],"to":[83,113],"2050,":[84],"our":[85],"analysis":[86],"shows":[87],"that":[88],"even":[89],"under":[90],"optimistic":[91],"assumptions,":[92],"planned":[94],"expansion":[96],"Sustainability":[99],"Middle":[101],"Road":[104],"cannot":[106],"be":[107],"achieved.":[108],"Excluding":[109],"would":[111],"lead":[112],"a":[114,146],"33%":[115],"increase":[116],"cumulative":[118],"primary":[119],"demand,":[121],"exacerbating":[122],"supply":[123],"risks":[124],"resulting":[126],"greater":[128],"underproduction.":[129],"These":[130],"findings":[131],"underscore":[132],"importance":[134],"expanding":[136],"recycling,":[137],"second-life,":[138],"production":[140],"infrastructure,":[141],"as":[142,144],"well":[143],"pursuing":[145],"diversified":[147],"technology":[148],"strategy.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-09-23T09:40:40.371523","created_date":"2025-12-14T00:00:00"}
