{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7112763282","doi":null,"title":"Rural capital accumulation and simple reproduction in neoliberal India: a comparative study of the agrarian questions of capital and labour in two regions of Punjab","display_name":"Rural capital accumulation and simple reproduction in neoliberal India: a comparative study of the agrarian questions of capital and labour in two regions of Punjab","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7112763282"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk:100906","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/100906/1/GB%20final%20thesis.pdf","pdf_url":"https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/100906/1/GB%20final%20thesis.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400384","display_name":"UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1118541","host_organization_name":"University of East Anglia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/100906/1/GB%20final%20thesis.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bansal, Gaurav","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1118541","display_name":"University of East Anglia","ror":"https://ror.org/026k5mg93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bansal, Gaurav","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Global Development University of East Anglia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Global Development University of East Anglia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11862","display_name":"Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11862","display_name":"Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11743","display_name":"Political Economy and Marxism","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14473","display_name":"Social and Economic Development in India","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple-reproduction","display_name":"simple reproduction","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neoliberalism","display_name":"neoliberalism","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caste","display_name":"caste","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender","display_name":"gender","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agrarian-political-economy","display_name":"political economy of agriculture","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-households","display_name":"rural households","score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brick-kilns","display_name":"brick kilns","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dalit-women","display_name":"Dalit women","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malwa","display_name":"Malwa","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/punjab","display_name":"Punjab","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-diversification","display_name":"rural diversification","score":0.5550000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157140304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396108","display_name":"Agrarian society","level":3,"score":0.7775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186314094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25423384","display_name":"Social reproduction","level":3,"score":0.552299976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81751973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420062","display_name":"Capital accumulation","level":3,"score":0.5317000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.5042999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4977000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180916674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3711935","display_name":"Diversification (marketing strategy)","level":2,"score":0.4219000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317088","display_name":"Commodity","level":2,"score":0.42089998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68062652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214693","display_name":"Social capital","level":2,"score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128383755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816336","display_name":"Agricultural productivity","level":3,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87091528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6548259","display_name":"Proletarianization","level":3,"score":0.3799000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.37290000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59659247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11990","display_name":"Reproduction","level":2,"score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.3515999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396230","display_name":"Agrarian structure","level":4,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129047720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175185","display_name":"Rural area","level":2,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780300075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757232","display_name":"Relations of production","level":3,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44750222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897397","display_name":"Financial capital","level":3,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37129596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194417","display_name":"Social mobility","level":2,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C514928085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206","display_name":"Capitalism","level":3,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118589477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417017","display_name":"Neoliberalism (international relations)","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188284582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q260747","display_name":"Means of production","level":4,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk:100906","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/100906/1/GB%20final%20thesis.pdf","pdf_url":"https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/100906/1/GB%20final%20thesis.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400384","display_name":"UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1118541","host_organization_name":"University of East Anglia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk:100906","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/100906/1/GB%20final%20thesis.pdf","pdf_url":"https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/100906/1/GB%20final%20thesis.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400384","display_name":"UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1118541","host_organization_name":"University of East Anglia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty","score":0.8928999900817871},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7112763282.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7112763282.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":160,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W45492388","https://openalex.org/W218275398","https://openalex.org/W296100823","https://openalex.org/W1485693368","https://openalex.org/W1502065375","https://openalex.org/W1519847666","https://openalex.org/W1547413416","https://openalex.org/W1563970356","https://openalex.org/W1586063495","https://openalex.org/W1657661204","https://openalex.org/W1799807697","https://openalex.org/W1849105137","https://openalex.org/W1864086090","https://openalex.org/W1875900731","https://openalex.org/W1914485124","https://openalex.org/W1924320982","https://openalex.org/W1965144029","https://openalex.org/W1965356776","https://openalex.org/W1965828070","https://openalex.org/W1972126835","https://openalex.org/W1976833210","https://openalex.org/W1984446795","https://openalex.org/W1986592622","https://openalex.org/W1988176818","https://openalex.org/W1995301458","https://openalex.org/W1999565909","https://openalex.org/W2004410686","https://openalex.org/W2007813438","https://openalex.org/W2018701667","https://openalex.org/W2022933938","https://openalex.org/W2029983019","https://openalex.org/W2034821377","https://openalex.org/W2038882912","https://openalex.org/W2042166554","https://openalex.org/W2049458541","https://openalex.org/W2052902350","https://openalex.org/W2054654721","https://openalex.org/W2056266223","https://openalex.org/W2060720483","https://openalex.org/W2062640362","https://openalex.org/W2064714892","https://openalex.org/W2073418359","https://openalex.org/W2074428422","https://openalex.org/W2083886211","https://openalex.org/W2088137846","https://openalex.org/W2095690644","https://openalex.org/W2105717288","https://openalex.org/W2109038348","https://openalex.org/W2110368748","https://openalex.org/W2115043404","https://openalex.org/W2120995370","https://openalex.org/W2138072124","https://openalex.org/W2147147532","https://openalex.org/W2150548596","https://openalex.org/W2164365188","https://openalex.org/W2264240563","https://openalex.org/W2265717975","https://openalex.org/W2278715969","https://openalex.org/W2300072128","https://openalex.org/W2324037637","https://openalex.org/W2345871947","https://openalex.org/W2346694280","https://openalex.org/W2346774312","https://openalex.org/W2461772193","https://openalex.org/W2472898493","https://openalex.org/W2512926484","https://openalex.org/W2553051156","https://openalex.org/W2750594452","https://openalex.org/W2759568613","https://openalex.org/W2767044518","https://openalex.org/W2767152153","https://openalex.org/W2773287885","https://openalex.org/W2780674668","https://openalex.org/W2795388981","https://openalex.org/W2804055070","https://openalex.org/W2808869140","https://openalex.org/W2839054127","https://openalex.org/W2887454821","https://openalex.org/W2898871700","https://openalex.org/W2899139376","https://openalex.org/W2899409181","https://openalex.org/W2943021023","https://openalex.org/W2965477811","https://openalex.org/W2972578107","https://openalex.org/W2973980172","https://openalex.org/W2981909565","https://openalex.org/W3002824901","https://openalex.org/W3026910020","https://openalex.org/W3040646632","https://openalex.org/W3091788947","https://openalex.org/W3094138264","https://openalex.org/W3113341629","https://openalex.org/W3121451136","https://openalex.org/W3127342350","https://openalex.org/W3168106438","https://openalex.org/W3170684192","https://openalex.org/W3174649897","https://openalex.org/W3176128069","https://openalex.org/W3176148898","https://openalex.org/W3190981597","https://openalex.org/W3194149573","https://openalex.org/W3196343125","https://openalex.org/W3196776479","https://openalex.org/W3203972551","https://openalex.org/W3209359133","https://openalex.org/W3210679744","https://openalex.org/W3212267323","https://openalex.org/W4200078427","https://openalex.org/W4200327381","https://openalex.org/W4200406061","https://openalex.org/W4212879523","https://openalex.org/W4213060380","https://openalex.org/W4214739877","https://openalex.org/W4220663826","https://openalex.org/W4229033967","https://openalex.org/W4233820730","https://openalex.org/W4234581269","https://openalex.org/W4234970026","https://openalex.org/W4238638218","https://openalex.org/W4246342391","https://openalex.org/W4252169343","https://openalex.org/W4253038578","https://openalex.org/W4253233649","https://openalex.org/W4281481613","https://openalex.org/W4285677305","https://openalex.org/W4292315582","https://openalex.org/W4294025336","https://openalex.org/W4295725478","https://openalex.org/W4297503502","https://openalex.org/W4298843076","https://openalex.org/W4307136045","https://openalex.org/W4308344038","https://openalex.org/W4313680944","https://openalex.org/W4315481936","https://openalex.org/W4317041569","https://openalex.org/W4318619448","https://openalex.org/W4318619727","https://openalex.org/W4321239561","https://openalex.org/W4323317262","https://openalex.org/W4360977778","https://openalex.org/W4368364927","https://openalex.org/W4383892422","https://openalex.org/W4383901315","https://openalex.org/W4383901374","https://openalex.org/W4384133505","https://openalex.org/W4386255198","https://openalex.org/W4387060120","https://openalex.org/W4387739540","https://openalex.org/W4392698771","https://openalex.org/W4396221825","https://openalex.org/W4400219369","https://openalex.org/W4400260727","https://openalex.org/W4400732957","https://openalex.org/W4401179136","https://openalex.org/W4402336151","https://openalex.org/W4403894784","https://openalex.org/W4406810023","https://openalex.org/W4408042499","https://openalex.org/W4412585237","https://openalex.org/W7130649833"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3122626614","https://openalex.org/W4392698771","https://openalex.org/W2115298926","https://openalex.org/W3179535027","https://openalex.org/W625845872","https://openalex.org/W2972753687","https://openalex.org/W2051390012","https://openalex.org/W574832503","https://openalex.org/W4417423393","https://openalex.org/W649447408"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,247],"thesis":[1,117,174,312,421],"critically":[2],"examines":[3],"the":[4,22,34,69,119,122,152,160,177,181,184,209,215,220,223,227,250,253,270,281,284,289,319,331,377,400,424,438,444],"narratives":[5],"of":[6,29,38,63,71,76,82,91,99,113,126,142,164,179,211,222,226,238,288,292,321,326,366,385,402,413,428],"economic":[7,143,205,414],"distress,":[8],"environmental":[9],"degradation,":[10],"and":[11,94,106,115,124,129,157,167,186,194,240,262,309,323,358,363,368,372,396,405,426,443,449],"social":[12,89,403],"upheaval":[13],"that":[14,42],"have":[15,201,265],"come":[16],"to":[17,66,192,203,278,280,399,410],"characterise":[18],"Indian":[19],"Punjab":[20],"since":[21],"early":[23],"1990s.":[24],"It":[25],"advances":[26],"our":[27,80],"understanding":[28],"these":[30,171],"crises":[31],"by":[32,214,452],"centring":[33],"relatively":[35,260],"understudied":[36],"phenomenon":[37],"rural":[39,64,83,132,146,234,306,431],"capital":[40,84,127,165,239,307],"accumulation":[41,85,128,166,308],"has":[43,229],"continued":[44],"amid":[45],"broader":[46],"agrarian":[47],"distress.":[48],"Grounded":[49],"in":[50,103,108,121,131,151,219,252,269,330,342,376,433],"Agrarian":[51,290,324],"Political":[52],"Economy,":[53],"this":[54,173,311,343,420],"research":[55],"first":[56],"undertakes":[57],"a":[58,104,139,296],"novel":[59],"\u2018conjugated":[60,72,77],"class-caste":[61],"analysis\u2019":[62],"households":[65],"arrive":[67],"at":[68,295],"concept":[70],"privilege\u2019\u2014through":[73],"an":[74,231,339],"adaptation":[75],"oppression\u2019\u2014that":[78],"frames":[79],"analysis":[81],"as":[86],"embedded":[87],"within":[88,197,383],"structures":[90],"caste,":[92],"religion,":[93],"gender.":[95],"Through":[96],"twelve":[97],"months":[98],"intensive":[100],"comparative":[101],"fieldwork":[102],"village":[105,185],"town":[107],"two":[109],"distinct":[110],"socio-political":[111],"regions":[112],"Punjab\u2014Malwa":[114],"Majha\u2014this":[116],"reveals":[118],"diversity":[120],"bases":[123],"patterns":[125],"differentiation":[130],"Punjab.":[133],"The":[134,273],"Majha":[135,188,336],"study":[136,154,189],"region":[137,337],"exhibits":[138],"growing":[140],"trend":[141],"diversification":[144],"among":[145,416],"landowning":[147,235],"Jutt":[148],"Sikhs,":[149],"while":[150],"Malwa":[153,254,380],"region,":[155,255,381],"land":[156,447],"agriculture":[158],"remain":[159],"most":[161],"important":[162],"sources":[163],"differentiation.":[168],"To":[169],"explain":[170],"differences,":[172],"also":[175,313],"demonstrates":[176],"centrality":[178],"examining":[180,436],"factors":[182],"beyond":[183],"agriculture.":[187],"region\u2019s":[190],"proximity":[191],"Amritsar":[193],"its":[195,303,315],"integration":[196],"global":[198],"production":[199],"networks":[200],"contributed":[202],"dynamic":[204,379],"growth,":[206],"which,":[207],"alongside":[208],"lack":[210],"entrenched":[212],"monopoly":[213],"Hindu":[216],"trading":[217,263],"castes":[218],"aftermath":[221],"political":[224],"crisis":[225],"1980s,":[228],"provided":[230],"outlet":[232],"for":[233,318,446],"Jutts\u2014both":[236],"classes":[237,384],"petty":[241,406],"commodity":[242,407],"producers\u2014to":[243],"diversify":[244],"their":[245,267,350],"accumulation.":[246],"was":[248],"not":[249],"case":[251],"where":[256],"capitalist":[257],"growth":[258,335],"remains":[259],"muted":[261],"castes\u2019":[264],"reproduced":[266],"domination":[268],"non-farm":[271],"economy.":[272],"evidence":[274],"presented":[275],"allows":[276],"us":[277],"contribute":[279],"debate":[282],"on":[283,305,370,423],"resolution,":[285],"or":[286],"bypassing,":[287],"Question(s)":[291],"Capital":[293],"(AQC)":[294],"sub-regional":[297],"level":[298],"under":[299],"neoliberalism.":[300],"While":[301],"maintaining":[302],"focus":[304],"AQC,":[310],"explored":[314],"profound":[316],"implications":[317],"\u2018classes":[320],"labour\u2019":[322],"Questions":[325],"Labour":[327],"(AQL).":[328],"CoL":[329,417],"more":[332],"dynamic,":[333],"high":[334],"witnessed":[338],"adverse":[340],"incorporation":[341],"diversified,":[344],"predominantly":[345],"informal":[346],"economy,":[347],"exhibited":[348],"through":[349],"hyper":[351],"exploitation":[352,395],"brick":[353],"kilns,":[354],"construction":[355],"sites,":[356],"factories,":[357],"urban":[359],"businesses,":[360],"heightened":[361],"socio-economic":[362],"spatial":[364],"fragmentation":[365],"livelihoods,":[367],"segmentation":[369],"caste":[371],"gender":[373],"lines.":[374],"Conversely,":[375],"less":[378],"many":[382],"labour,":[386],"especially":[387],"Dalit":[388,453],"women,":[389],"were":[390],"excluded":[391],"from":[392],"direct":[393],"labour":[394],"relegated":[397],"mainly":[398],"sphere":[401],"reproduction":[404],"production,":[408],"contributing":[409],"higher":[411],"levels":[412],"distress":[415],"here.":[418],"Finally,":[419],"reflects":[422],"scope":[425],"practice":[427],"progressive,":[429],"emancipatory":[430],"politics":[432],"both":[434,437],"regions,":[435],"farmers\u2019":[439],"protest":[440],"movement":[441,445],"2020-21":[442],"rights":[448],"dignity":[450],"led":[451],"women.":[454]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-12-10T00:00:00"}