{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7112508473","doi":null,"title":"Machine Learning for Metadata Creation in Libraries : An Exploratory Study of AI Tools for Subject Cataloguing and Classification","display_name":"Machine Learning for Metadata Creation in Libraries : An Exploratory Study of AI Tools for Subject Cataloguing and Classification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7112508473"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:lnu-141642","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-141642","pdf_url":"https://lnu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1999564/FULLTEXT01","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401598","display_name":"DiVA (Linnaeus University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I223464139","host_organization_name":"Linnaeus University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223464139"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://lnu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1999564/FULLTEXT01","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Osmani, Ilektra","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Osmani, Ilektra","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14330","display_name":"Library Science and Information Systems","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14330","display_name":"Library Science and Information Systems","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.003000000026077032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13673","display_name":"Library Science and Information","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3309","display_name":"Library and Information Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subject-cataloging","display_name":"subject cataloging","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subject-classification","display_name":"subject classification","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata-creation","display_name":"metadata generation","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpt-4o","display_name":"GPT-4o","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deepseek","display_name":"DeepSeek","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/library-of-congress-subject-headings","display_name":"Library of Congress Subject Headings","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/library-of-congress-classification","display_name":"Library of Congress Classification","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bibliographic-records","display_name":"bibliographic records","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-oversight","display_name":"human oversight","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall-evaluation","display_name":"precision and recall evaluation","score":0.5789999961853027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.8995000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6978999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778756484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7631388","display_name":"Subject access","level":3,"score":0.5976999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110615152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469824","display_name":"Controlled vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.5708000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983491779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131454","display_name":"Library of congress","level":2,"score":0.5575000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5346999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.499099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.492900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111278513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621080","display_name":"Library of Congress Classification","level":3,"score":0.4810999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88006597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690117","display_name":"Disk formatting","level":2,"score":0.3912000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204126058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48473","display_name":"Library classification","level":2,"score":0.3813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018260909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1322871","display_name":"Exploratory analysis","level":2,"score":0.3617999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.36059999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105002631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4833645","display_name":"Subject-matter expert","level":3,"score":0.3549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83867959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371467","display_name":"Scopus","level":3,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75165309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258979","display_name":"Search engine indexing","level":2,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777922441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3535655","display_name":"Cataloging","level":2,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70789860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2018526","display_name":"The arts","level":2,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13460635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85753676","display_name":"Classification scheme","level":2,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513874922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212805","display_name":"Digital library","level":3,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:lnu-141642","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-141642","pdf_url":"https://lnu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1999564/FULLTEXT01","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401598","display_name":"DiVA (Linnaeus University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I223464139","host_organization_name":"Linnaeus University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223464139"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:lnu-141642","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-141642","pdf_url":"https://lnu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1999564/FULLTEXT01","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401598","display_name":"DiVA (Linnaeus University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I223464139","host_organization_name":"Linnaeus University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223464139"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323551","display_name":"Linn\u00e9universitetet","ror":"https://ror.org/00j9qag85"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7112508473.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7112508473.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1791587663","https://openalex.org/W2122343331","https://openalex.org/W2124375927","https://openalex.org/W2287085207","https://openalex.org/W2888738098","https://openalex.org/W2901672019","https://openalex.org/W3101874461","https://openalex.org/W3119877566","https://openalex.org/W3122548859","https://openalex.org/W3131782244","https://openalex.org/W3173745233","https://openalex.org/W3179781704","https://openalex.org/W3197310507","https://openalex.org/W4200549709","https://openalex.org/W4221001772","https://openalex.org/W4292666583","https://openalex.org/W4309224269","https://openalex.org/W4312191068","https://openalex.org/W4388107072","https://openalex.org/W4389519817","https://openalex.org/W4393382915","https://openalex.org/W4394794332","https://openalex.org/W4401056856","https://openalex.org/W4402598158","https://openalex.org/W4402771995","https://openalex.org/W4402810096","https://openalex.org/W4402936988","https://openalex.org/W4403475376","https://openalex.org/W4405677148","https://openalex.org/W4410838583","https://openalex.org/W7119810295"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414087824","https://openalex.org/W7172173911","https://openalex.org/W7215076451","https://openalex.org/W4402598158","https://openalex.org/W7092207799","https://openalex.org/W7084598758","https://openalex.org/W4417161960","https://openalex.org/W7203502638","https://openalex.org/W6997281883","https://openalex.org/W4414792145"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,59],"explores":[2],"the":[3,58],"potential":[4],"of":[5,40,51,66,72,92,127,151,157],"large":[6],"language":[7],"models":[8],"(LLMs)":[9],"to":[10,89,153,192],"support":[11],"subject":[12,46,106,219],"cataloguing":[13,35,205],"and":[14,23,28,55,70,108,125,135,161,188],"classification":[15,110],"in":[16,34,123,212],"libraries":[17],"by":[18],"evaluating":[19],"two":[20],"LLM":[21],"tools\u2014ChatGPT-4o":[22],"DeepSeek\u2014against":[24],"professionally":[25],"catalogued":[26],"records,":[27],"reflects":[29],"on":[30,223],"their":[31],"possible":[32],"role":[33],"practice.":[36],"Using":[37],"a":[38,90,148],"sample":[39],"60":[41],"bibliographic":[42],"records":[43],"from":[44,49,147],"three":[45],"domains,":[47],"20":[48],"each":[50],"Physics,":[52],"Plant":[53,189],"Culture,":[54],"Decorative":[56,186],"Arts,":[57],"compares":[60],"AI-generated":[61],"metadata":[62,116],"with":[63,84,114,141,159,163,170],"human-assigned":[64],"Library":[65,71],"Congress":[67,73],"Subject":[68,165],"Headings":[69],"Classification":[74],"codes.":[75],"A":[76],"mixed-methods":[77],"approach":[78],"was":[79,120],"applied,":[80],"combining":[81],"precision/recall-based":[82],"metrics":[83],"expert":[85],"qualitative":[86],"evaluations":[87],"applied":[88,183],"subset":[91],"25":[93],"records.":[94],"The":[95,195],"results":[96],"show":[97,201],"that":[98,198],"while":[99,179,199],"AI":[100],"tools":[101],"can":[102],"generate":[103],"thematically":[104],"appropriate":[105],"headings":[107],"plausible":[109],"codes,":[111],"exact":[112],"matches":[113],"human":[115,207],"remain":[117],"limited.":[118],"ChatGPT-4o":[119,160],"more":[121,133,137,180],"consistent":[122],"formatting":[124],"use":[126],"authorized":[128],"terms,":[129],"whereas":[130],"DeepSeek":[131],"produced":[132],"varied":[134],"occasionally":[136],"specific":[138],"suggestions":[139],"but":[140],"less":[142],"structural":[143],"control.":[144],"Performance":[145],"ranged":[146],"Partial":[149],"F1":[150,155],"0.42":[152],"Full":[154],"scores":[156],"0.28":[158],"0.26":[162],"DeepSeek.":[164],"area":[166],"influenced":[167],"these":[168],"outcomes,":[169],"structured":[171],"fields":[172],"such":[173],"as":[174],"Physics":[175],"supporting":[176,204],"stronger":[177],"results,":[178],"interpretive":[181],"or":[182,214],"domains":[184],"like":[185],"Arts":[187],"Culture":[190],"contributed":[191],"lower":[193],"scores.":[194],"findings":[196],"suggest":[197],"LLMs":[200],"promise":[202],"for":[203],"workflows,":[206],"oversight":[208],"remains":[209],"essential,":[210],"especially":[211],"nuanced":[213],"domain-specific":[215],"contexts":[216],"where":[217],"accurate":[218],"assignment":[220],"often":[221],"depends":[222],"specialized":[224],"knowledge.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-12-10T00:00:00"}
