{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7111438876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-09543-4","title":"Decomposing the gender gap in subjective well-being: evidence from a machine learning-based switching framework","display_name":"Decomposing the gender gap in subjective well-being: evidence from a machine learning-based switching framework","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7111438876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-09543-4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1057/s41599-026-09543-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-09543-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-09543-4","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-026-09543-4_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210206302","display_name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","issn_l":"2055-1045","issn":["2055-1045","2662-9992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319702","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319702","https://openalex.org/P4310319964"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Macmillan Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-026-09543-4_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103000865","display_name":"Jie Mi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-2033","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-2033","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5340-3316"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Mi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160299616","display_name":"Chao Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160314913","display_name":"Alexander Ryota Keeley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Ryota Keeley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082699617","display_name":"Jiaxu Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaxu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160316061","display_name":"Shunsuke Managi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shunsuke Managi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160316061"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"],"apc_list":{"value":1890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1890},"apc_paid":{"value":1890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1890},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00503329,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10475","display_name":"Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10475","display_name":"Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13503","display_name":"Gender, Health, and Social Inequality","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-disparities","display_name":"gender disparities","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-norms","display_name":"social norms","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-inequality","display_name":"gender inequality","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-stereotypes","display_name":"gender stereotypes","score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-equity-policy","display_name":"gender equity policy","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-national-comparison","display_name":"cross-national comparison","score":0.5860000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.6565999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5706999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986619947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30103150","display_name":"Gender gap","level":2,"score":0.4275999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.42750000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3774999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3578000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.34529998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3447999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53001019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1920219","display_name":"Social issues","level":2,"score":0.30959999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992299759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113453","display_name":"Gender equality","level":2,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131158328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307337","display_name":"Social influence","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19159745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828395","display_name":"Social policy","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80783014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754062","display_name":"Societal impact of nanotechnology","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206836424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1510761","display_name":"Social change","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778087770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297111","display_name":"Social support","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776873219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098607","display_name":"Opportunity structures","level":3,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1057/s41599-026-09543-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-09543-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-09543-4","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-026-09543-4_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210206302","display_name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","issn_l":"2055-1045","issn":["2055-1045","2662-9992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319702","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319702","https://openalex.org/P4310319964"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Macmillan Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eti:dpaper:25021","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/publications/dp/25e021.pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/publications/dp/25e021.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1057/s41599-026-09543-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-09543-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-09543-4","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-026-09543-4_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210206302","display_name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","issn_l":"2055-1045","issn":["2055-1045","2662-9992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319702","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319702","https://openalex.org/P4310319964"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Macmillan Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9629999995231628,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.7307999730110168,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4807752817","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPMEERF20251003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315051","funder_display_name":"Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315051","display_name":"Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/01c9agy38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7111438876.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7111438876.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7043899625","https://openalex.org/W2101048886","https://openalex.org/W7119534370","https://openalex.org/W91388401","https://openalex.org/W4249468260","https://openalex.org/W6889025177","https://openalex.org/W4407606834","https://openalex.org/W4387876552","https://openalex.org/W4408217035","https://openalex.org/W2626354246"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"well-being":[1,25,119],"has":[2],"received":[3],"increasing":[4],"attention":[5],"as":[6,15],"an":[7,67],"indicator":[8,30],"of":[9,31,40,149],"individual":[10],"and":[11,14,46,86,95,152],"social":[12],"health":[13],"a":[16,27,97],"consideration":[17],"in":[18,23,80,84,88,135,160],"public":[19],"policy.":[20],"Gender":[21],"differences":[22,43,83,87],"subjective":[24],"(SWB),":[26],"widely":[28],"accepted":[29],"human":[32,161],"well-being,":[33],"have":[34],"long":[35],"been":[36],"documented.":[37],"However,":[38],"explanations":[39],"these":[41],"gender":[42,78,133,158],"remain":[44],"varied":[45],"inconclusive.":[47],"This":[48,124],"study":[49],"utilizes":[50],"Gallup":[51],"World":[52],"Poll":[53],"data":[54],"comprising":[55],"1,911,212":[56],"observations":[57],"from":[58],"2009":[59],"to":[60],"2022.":[61],"Employing":[62],"advanced":[63],"machine-learning":[64],"techniques":[65],"within":[66],"Exogenous":[68],"Switching":[69],"Treatment":[70],"Effect":[71],"Model":[72],"(ESTEM)":[73],"framework,":[74],"we":[75],"decompose":[76],"the":[77,101,110,121,131,146],"gap":[79,134],"SWB":[81,105],"into":[82],"characteristics":[85,94],"regime-specific":[89,111],"returns.":[90],"Conditional":[91],"on":[92],"observed":[93],"under":[96,120],"common":[98],"predictive":[99],"regime,":[100],"model":[102],"predicts":[103],"higher":[104],"for":[106,156],"men.":[107],"In":[108],"contrast,":[109],"returns":[112],"component":[113,125],"is":[114],"associated":[115],"with":[116],"lower":[117],"predicted":[118],"male":[122],"regime.":[123],"also":[126],"increases":[127],"over":[128],"time,":[129],"widening":[130],"estimated":[132],"SWB,":[136],"while":[137],"its":[138],"magnitude":[139],"varies":[140],"across":[141],"countries.":[142],"The":[143],"results":[144],"suggest":[145],"potential":[147],"relevance":[148],"institutional":[150],"flexibility":[151],"reduced":[153],"gender-role":[154],"pressures":[155],"addressing":[157],"disparities":[159],"well-being.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2025-12-10T00:00:00"}
