{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7100616482","doi":null,"title":"GrAF: A Graph-based Format for Linguistic Annotations","display_name":"GrAF: A Graph-based Format for Linguistic Annotations","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7100616482"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.146.4543","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.146.4543","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/w/w07/W07-1501.pdf","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061249142","display_name":"Nancy Ide","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9473-3544","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9473-3544"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nancy Ide","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012038702","display_name":"Keith Suderman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0502-4557","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0502-4557"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keith Suderman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64902804,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13623","display_name":"Linguistic Studies and Language Acquisition","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12377","display_name":"Digital Humanities and Scholarship","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-annotation","display_name":"linguistic annotation","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-representation","display_name":"graph representation","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wall-street-journal-corpus","display_name":"Wall Street Journal corpus","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-traversal-algorithms","display_name":"graph traversal algorithms","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation-visualization","display_name":"annotation visualization","score":0.593999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.7511000037193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7475000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5307999849319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5145999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96333769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907955","display_name":"Graph traversal","level":3,"score":0.4307999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.4124999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987219923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q777864","display_name":"Linguistic analysis","level":2,"score":0.41029998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140745168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1210082","display_name":"Tree traversal","level":2,"score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3384000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176225458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q595971","display_name":"Graph database","level":3,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986651925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514868","display_name":"Graph algorithms","level":3,"score":0.2653999924659729}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.146.4543","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.146.4543","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/w/w07/W07-1501.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099868708","https://openalex.org/W1997306212","https://openalex.org/W7097496777","https://openalex.org/W3040090998","https://openalex.org/W2103147879","https://openalex.org/W2044294568","https://openalex.org/W161530955","https://openalex.org/W1457156378","https://openalex.org/W1514857012","https://openalex.org/W1681315497"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper":[2],"we":[3,35],"describe":[4],"the":[5,43,53,80,104],"Graph":[6],"Annotation":[7,106],"Format":[8],"(GrAF)":[9],"and":[10,50,60,66,86,94,110,119],"show":[11,51],"how":[12,52],"it":[13,77],"is":[14,100],"used":[15],"represent":[16],"not":[17],"only":[18],"independent":[19],"linguistic":[20,129],"annotations,":[21],"but":[22],"also":[23,69],"sets":[24],"of":[25,42,82,103],"merged":[26,97],"annotations":[27,41,54],"as":[28,72,120],"a":[29,73],"single":[30],"graph.":[31],"To":[32],"demonstrate":[33],"this,":[34],"have":[36],"automatically":[37],"transduced":[38],"several":[39],"different":[40],"Wall":[44],"Street":[45],"Journal":[46],"corpus":[47],"into":[48],"GrAF":[49,99],"can":[55],"then":[56],"be":[57],"merged,":[58],"analyzed,":[59],"visualized":[61],"using":[62],"standard":[63,74],"graph":[64,75,84],"algorithms":[65,88],"tools.":[67],"We":[68],"discuss":[70],"how,":[71],"representation,":[76],"allows":[78],"for":[79,127],"application":[81],"well-established":[83],"traversal":[85],"analysis":[87],"to":[89],"produce":[90],"information":[91],"about":[92],"interactions":[93],"commonalities":[95],"among":[96],"annotations.":[98,130],"an":[101],"extension":[102],"Linguistic":[105],"Framework":[107],"(LAF)":[108],"(Ide":[109],"Romary,":[111],"2004,":[112],"2006)":[113],"developed":[114],"within":[115],"ISO":[116],"TC37":[117],"SC4":[118],"such,":[121],"implements":[122],"state-of-the-art":[123],"best":[124],"practice":[125],"guidelines":[126],"representing":[128],"1":[131]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2025-10-27T00:00:00"}
