{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7100075015","doi":null,"title":"Abstract","display_name":"Abstract","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7100075015"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.119.2732","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.119.2732","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.brown.edu/research/pubs/theses/masters/2006/headdenw.pdf","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-abstract","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/penn-treebank","display_name":"Penn Treebank","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammatical-inference","display_name":"grammatical inference","score":0.5299999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.7117000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59656382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191536","display_name":"Conjunction (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.6146000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.578499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5192999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.37630000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.28220000863075256}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.119.2732","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.119.2732","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.brown.edu/research/pubs/theses/masters/2006/headdenw.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974342277","https://openalex.org/W2139621418","https://openalex.org/W3037581684","https://openalex.org/W7097721861","https://openalex.org/W1696678929","https://openalex.org/W2072073265","https://openalex.org/W2775167615","https://openalex.org/W19605273","https://openalex.org/W7099838269","https://openalex.org/W7097151593"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,22],"work":[2,28],"we":[3,74],"learn":[4,82],"clusters":[5],"of":[6,31,67],"contextual":[7,46],"annotations":[8,47],"for":[9],"non-terminals":[10],"in":[11,56],"the":[12,16,49,65,78,83],"Penn":[13],"Treebank.":[14],"Perhaps":[15],"best":[17],"way":[18],"to":[19,25,40,76,81],"think":[20],"about":[21],"problem":[23],"is":[24],"contrast":[26],"our":[27],"with":[29,44,58],"that":[30],"Klein":[32],"and":[33],"Manning":[34],"(2003).":[35],"That":[36],"research":[37],"used":[38,55],"treetransformations":[39],"create":[41],"various":[42],"grammars":[43,52],"different":[45,68],"on":[48],"non-terminals.":[50],"These":[51],"were":[53],"then":[54],"conjunction":[57],"a":[59],"CKY":[60],"parser.":[61],"The":[62],"authors":[63],"explored":[64],"space":[66],"annotation":[69],"combinations":[70],"by":[71],"hand.":[72],"Here":[73],"try":[75],"automate":[77],"process":[79],"\u2014":[80],"\u201cright":[84],"\u201d":[85],"combination":[86],"automatically.":[87],"Our":[88],"results":[89],"are":[90],"not":[91],"quite":[92]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-27T00:00:00"}
