{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7099729474","doi":null,"title":"Verbal Uncertainty Expressions: Literature Review","display_name":"Verbal Uncertainty Expressions: Literature Review","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7099729474"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.147.4908","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.147.4908","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.pitt.edu/~druzdzel/psfiles/verbal.pdf","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Marek J. Druzdzel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marek J. Druzdzel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43346008,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.4413999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.4413999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12694","display_name":"Categorization, perception, and language","score":0.225600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.0820000022649765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verbal-probability","display_name":"verbal probability","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subjective-probability","display_name":"subjective probability","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-making-under-uncertainty","display_name":"decision making under uncertainty","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-dependence","display_name":"context sensitivity","score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/between-subject-variability","display_name":"between-subject variability","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-consistency","display_name":"internal consistency","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/miscommunication","display_name":"miscommunication","score":0.5440000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6815000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.6323000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.6082000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.5953999757766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5810999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145633318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207125","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","level":2,"score":0.48330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4341999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776224158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931","display_name":"Phrase","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777366796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017758","display_name":"Indeterminacy (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.147.4908","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.147.4908","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.pitt.edu/~druzdzel/psfiles/verbal.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.21.3795","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.21.3795","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.pitt.edu/~druzdzel/abstracts/../psfiles/verbal.ps","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.74.4222","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.74.4222","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.pitt.edu/~druzdzel/psfiles/verbal.ps","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990302162","https://openalex.org/W2042948989","https://openalex.org/W85447306","https://openalex.org/W2082224448","https://openalex.org/W4223529721","https://openalex.org/W4407358674","https://openalex.org/W2036694076","https://openalex.org/W1763242134","https://openalex.org/W2024875985","https://openalex.org/W2940373590"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2],"summarizes":[3],"findings":[4,84],"of":[5,61,68,85,97,111,133,149,161,170,184,196,200,230],"a":[6,104,126,167,171,182,223],"literature":[7],"review":[8],"on":[9,234],"verbal":[10,36,134,144,186],"uncertainty":[11,187],"expres-":[12],"sions.":[13],"There":[14],"have":[15],"been":[16],"several":[17],"studies":[18,32],"in":[19,22,42,50,94,190,226],"this":[20,86],"field":[21],"the":[23,62,65,112,147,153,162,191,204],"last":[24],"twenty":[25],"years.":[26],"The":[27,108,194],"main":[28],"motivation":[29],"behind":[30],"these":[31,98],"is":[33,38,54,103,114,136,174],"that":[34,89,101,159],"using":[35,141],"expressions":[37,99,135],"preferred":[39],"by":[40,70,139],"humans":[41],"certain":[43],"situations":[44],"and":[45,74,100,125,143,166,214],"may":[46],"be":[47,75,118,212],"practically":[48],"applied":[49],"decision":[51,231],"making.":[52,232],"It":[53],"postulated":[55],"to":[56,79,117,176,211,218,246],"reflect":[57],"better":[58],"non-numerical":[59],"nature":[60],"data,":[63],"avoid":[64],"misleading":[66],"impression":[67],"precision":[69],"being":[71],"implicitly":[72],"vague,":[73],"easier":[76],"for":[77],"people":[78,90,140,163,237],"deal":[80],"with.":[81],"Two":[82],"major":[83,224],"research":[87],"are":[88,91],"internally":[92],"consistent":[93],"their":[95,241],"use":[96,247],"there":[102,156],"great":[105],"between-subject":[106],"variability.":[107],"probabilistic":[109],"meaning":[110],"phrases":[113,158,188],"also":[115],"shown":[116],"highly":[119],"context":[120],"sensitive,":[121],"with":[122,220],"an":[123],"asymmetry":[124],"large":[127],"overlap":[128],"between":[129,207],"different":[130],"phrases.":[131],"Variability":[132],"severly":[137],"underestimated":[138],"them":[142],"communication":[145],"poses":[146],"danger":[148],"considerable":[150],"misunderstandings.":[151],"On":[152],"other":[154],"hand,":[155],"exist":[157],"most":[160],"agree":[164],"upon":[165],"careful":[168],"choice":[169],"small":[172],"vocabulary":[173],"able":[175],"facilitate":[177],"precise":[178],"communication.":[179],"Appendix":[180],"gives":[181],"list":[183],"all":[185],"encountered":[189],"literature.":[192],"Introduction":[193],"concept":[195],"subjective":[197],"probability,":[198],"mapping":[199],"person's":[201],"belief":[202],"onto":[203],"real":[205],"number":[206],"0":[208],"(event":[209,216],"believed":[210,217],"impossible)":[213],"1":[215],"occur":[219],"certainty),":[221],"plays":[222],"role":[225],"any":[227],"modern":[228],"theory":[229],"However,":[233],"various":[235],"grounds,":[236],"often":[238],"resist":[239],"expressing":[240],"opinions":[242],"numerically,":[243],"preferring":[244],"instead":[245],"non-":[248],"numerical":[249],"terms,":[250],"like":[251],"probable,":[252],"chances":[253],"are,":[254],"almost":[255],"certain,":[256],"etc.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2025-10-27T00:00:00"}
