{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7097944775","doi":null,"title":"Intra-University Agreement B291436, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Classifying Facial Actions","display_name":"Intra-University Agreement B291436, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Classifying Facial Actions","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7097944775"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.214.479","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.214.479","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cnl.salk.edu/~luca/pro/DonatoPAMI.pdf","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gianluca Donato Y","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianluca Donato Y","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Marian Stewart Bartlett","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marian Stewart Bartlett","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Joseph C. Hager","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph C. Hager","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Paul Ekman Z","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Ekman Z","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044141636","display_name":"Terrence J. Sejnowski A B","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0622-7391","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0622-7391"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Terrence J. Sejnowski X","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Marian Stewart Bartlett","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marian Stewart Bartlett","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gianluca Donato","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianluca Donato","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Marian Stewart Bartlett","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marian Stewart Bartlett","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Joseph C. Hager","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph C. Hager","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Paul Ekman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Ekman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044141636","display_name":"Terrence J. Sejnowski A B","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0622-7391","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0622-7391"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Terrence J. Sejnowski","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54917868,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.48510000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.48510000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.41530001163482666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.07909999787807465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-action-coding","display_name":"facial action coding","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression-recognition","display_name":"facial expression recognition","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-flow","display_name":"optical flow","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gabor-wavelets","display_name":"Gabor wavelets","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-component-analysis","display_name":"independent component analysis","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"principal component analysis","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-feature-analysis","display_name":"local feature analysis","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"linear discriminant analysis","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-movement","display_name":"facial motion","score":0.35499998927116394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40346341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391629","display_name":"Facial Action Coding System","level":3,"score":0.7422999739646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7342000007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6639000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.6128000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.6116999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136902061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16981559","display_name":"Gabor wavelet","level":5,"score":0.5483999848365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47929999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.4542999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.450300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.44130000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.3799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.37770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51432778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1259145","display_name":"Independent component analysis","level":2,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.37290000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3562000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.34869998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.3483000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.334199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.3296000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780692498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16950721","display_name":"Component analysis","level":2,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78397625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192487","display_name":"Discriminant","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.28189998865127563}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.214.479","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.214.479","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cnl.salk.edu/~luca/pro/DonatoPAMI.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2133180260","https://openalex.org/W2166501583","https://openalex.org/W2100866252","https://openalex.org/W1596548113","https://openalex.org/W7100392006","https://openalex.org/W2116310307","https://openalex.org/W2007431552","https://openalex.org/W4233869892","https://openalex.org/W206235906","https://openalex.org/W2167015621"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,34,143],"Facial":[1],"Action":[2],"Coding":[3],"System":[4],"[1],":[5],"is":[6,21,36,110],"an":[7],"objective":[8],"method":[9],"for":[10,50,138,148,161],"quantifying":[11],"facial":[12,53,64,141,163],"movement":[13],"in":[14,24,55],"terms":[15],"of":[16,27,57,63,68,94,107,151],"component":[17,76,79,130],"actions.":[18,142,164],"This":[19,44],"system":[20],"widely":[22],"used":[23],"behavioral":[25],"investigations":[26],"emotion,":[28],"cognitive":[29],"processes,":[30],"and":[31,47,84,88,102,114,127,158],"social":[32],"interaction.":[33],"coding":[35],"presently":[37],"performed":[38],"by":[39],"highly":[40],"trained":[41],"human":[42,116],"experts.":[43],"paper":[45],"explores":[46],"compares":[48],"techniques":[49,60],"automatically":[51],"recognizing":[52],"actions":[54],"sequences":[56],"images.":[58],"These":[59],"include":[61],"analysis":[62,73],"motion":[65],"through":[66],"estimation":[67],"optical":[69],"ow;":[70],"holistic":[71],"spatial":[72,156],"suchas":[74],"principal":[75,104],"analysis,":[77,80,83],"independent":[78,129],"local":[81,95,103,153],"feature":[82],"linear":[85],"discriminant":[86],"analysis;":[87],"methods":[89],"based":[90],"on":[91],"the":[92,123,128,149],"outputs":[93],"lters,":[96,154],"such":[97],"as":[98],"Gabor":[99,124],"wavelet":[100,125],"representations,":[101],"components.":[105],"Performance":[106],"these":[108],"systems":[109],"compared":[111],"to":[112],"naive":[113],"expert":[115],"subjects.":[117],"Best":[118],"performances":[119],"were":[120],"obtained":[121],"using":[122],"representation":[126],"representation,":[131],"which":[132],"both":[133],"achieved":[134],"96":[135],"%":[136],"accuracy":[137],"classifying":[139,162],"twelve":[140],"results":[144],"provide":[145],"converging":[146],"evidence":[147],"importance":[150],"possessing":[152],"high":[155],"frequencies,":[157],"statistical":[159],"independence":[160],"1":[165]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-17T09:40:24.721904","created_date":"2025-10-27T00:00:00"}
