{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7097842297","doi":null,"title":"Limits to quantum gravity effects from observations of TeV flares in active galaxies\u201d, Phys","display_name":"Limits to quantum gravity effects from observations of TeV flares in active galaxies\u201d, Phys","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7097842297"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.340.7161","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.340.7161","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/9810044v1.pdf","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"S. D. Biller","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. D. Biller","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084862473","display_name":"A. C. Breslin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. C. Breslin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"J. Buckley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Buckley","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037399961","display_name":"M. Catanese","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Catanese","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009413623","display_name":"M. J. Carson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Carson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"F. Samuelson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Samuelson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"G. Sembroski","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Sembroski","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"P. Skelton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Skelton","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"T. C. Weekes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. C. Weekes","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11415","display_name":"Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11415","display_name":"Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10025","display_name":"Black Holes and Theoretical Physics","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-gravity","display_name":"quantum gravity","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-dependent-speed-of-light","display_name":"energy-dependent speed of light","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tev-gamma-ray-flares","display_name":"TeV gamma-ray flares","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markarian-421","display_name":"Markarian 421","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-galactic-nuclei","display_name":"active galactic nuclei","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planck-scale","display_name":"Planck scale","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gamma-ray-propagation","display_name":"gamma-ray propagation","score":0.4959999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.9085000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181868357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468999","display_name":"Planck energy","level":5,"score":0.6297000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108568745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234181","display_name":"Quantum gravity","level":3,"score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166126730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725309","display_name":"Planck","level":2,"score":0.5824999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5666999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32848918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789","display_name":"Observable","level":2,"score":0.5580999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124017977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11412","display_name":"Gravitation","level":2,"score":0.48739999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169272937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3120995","display_name":"Virtual black hole","level":5,"score":0.47679999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118697519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207387","display_name":"Planck length","level":5,"score":0.43689998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128228380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468999","display_name":"Planck mass","level":3,"score":0.4284000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.40630000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22492302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297853","display_name":"Gravitational energy","level":3,"score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122966575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575582","display_name":"Speed of light (cellular automaton)","level":2,"score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192638945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468999","display_name":"Planck scale","level":4,"score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141886431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193821","display_name":"Quantum fluctuation","level":3,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145528070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7624560","display_name":"Strong gravity","level":3,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3079626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881","display_name":"Quantum electrodynamics","level":1,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190330329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190035","display_name":"Gravitational wave","level":2,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153385146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18335","display_name":"Radiation","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127090403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1544012","display_name":"Gravitational potential","level":3,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180547424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q656181","display_name":"Gravitational redshift","level":3,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177562468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182893","display_name":"Dispersion (optics)","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120484201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2246697","display_name":"Quantum field theory in curved spacetime","level":4,"score":0.2513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127529279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637450","display_name":"Velocity dispersion","level":3,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.340.7161","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.340.7161","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/9810044v1.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6983182035","https://openalex.org/W2097552733","https://openalex.org/W2951273426","https://openalex.org/W2127376456","https://openalex.org/W2964347998","https://openalex.org/W2953173851","https://openalex.org/W2110363495","https://openalex.org/W1973251434","https://openalex.org/W3125565085","https://openalex.org/W7097892645"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"have":[1],"used":[2],"data":[3],"from":[4,159,168],"the":[5,11,25,29,34,59,65,73,103,109,116,160,173,193,204,211,238],"TeV":[6],"\u03b3-ray":[7],"flare":[8],"associated":[9],"with":[10,61,201],"active":[12],"galaxy":[13],"Markarian":[14],"421":[15],"observed":[16],"on":[17,24,120,189,203],"15":[18],"May":[19],"1996":[20],"to":[21,92,128,172,180,229,233],"place":[22],"bounds":[23],"possible":[26],"energy-dependence":[27,171],"of":[28,31,36,45,96,111,175,206,237,241],"speed":[30],"light":[32,176],"in":[33,50,58,94,123,146,177],"context":[35],"an":[37,46,147,169],"effective":[38,170],"quantum":[39,141,187,230],"gravitational":[40,184],"energy":[41,52,67,90,125,153],"scale.":[42],"The":[43,84],"possibility":[44],"observable":[47,148],"time":[48,149,244],"dispersion":[49,150],"high":[51,152],"radiation":[53,154],"has":[54,134,222],"recently":[55,135],"received":[56],"attention":[57],"literature,":[60],"some":[62],"suggestions":[63],"that":[64,139,226],"relevant":[66],"scale":[68,91],"could":[69],"be":[70,93],"less":[71],"than":[72],"Planck":[74,194,212],"mass":[75],"and":[76],"perhaps":[77],"as":[78,80],"low":[79],"10":[81,99,198,216],"16":[82,100],"GeV.":[83],"limits":[85],"derived":[86],"here":[87],"indicate":[88],"this":[89,114,124],"excess":[95],"4":[97],"\u00d7":[98],"GeV":[101],"at":[102,156],"95":[104],"%":[105],"confidence":[106],"level.":[107],"To":[108],"best":[110],"our":[112],"knowledge,":[113],"constitutes":[115],"first":[117],"convincing":[118],"limit":[119],"such":[121,242],"phenomena":[122],"regime.":[126],"Submitted":[127],"Physical":[129],"Review":[130],"Letters":[131],"1":[132],"It":[133],"been":[136,223],"pointed":[137],"out":[138],"many":[140],"gravity":[142,231],"scenarios":[143],"may":[144],"result":[145,167],"for":[151],"originating":[155],"large":[157],"distances":[158],"Earth":[161],"[1]":[162,225],"[2]":[163],"[3].":[164],"This":[165],"would":[166],"velocity":[174],"vaccum":[178],"owing":[179],"propagation":[181],"through":[182],"a":[183,234,243],"medium":[185],"containing":[186],"fluctuations":[188],"distance":[190],"scales":[191],"near":[192],"length,":[195],"LP":[196],"\u2243":[197,215,247],"\u221233":[199],"cm,":[200],"timescales":[202],"order":[205],"1/EP,":[207],"where":[208],"EP":[209],"is":[210],"Mass":[213],"(":[214],"19":[217],"GeV).":[218],"In":[219],"particular,":[220],"it":[221],"indicated":[224],"different":[227],"approaches":[228],"lead":[232],"similar":[235],"description":[236],"first-order":[239],"effects":[240],"dispersion:":[245],"\u2206t":[246],"\u03be":[248],"E":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-27T00:00:00"}