{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7092298480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2025.3622039","title":"Large Language Model Company Policies and Policy Implications in Software Organizations","display_name":"Large Language Model Company Policies and Policy Implications in Software Organizations","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7092298480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2025.3622039"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ms.2025.3622039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2025.3622039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2025.3622039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6725529","display_name":"IEEE Software","issn_l":"0740-7459","issn":["0740-7459","1937-4194"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2025.3622039","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095886572","display_name":"Ranim Khojah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1090-3153","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1090-3153"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ranim Khojah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1090-3153","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912","https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058314937","display_name":"Mazen Mohamad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3446-1265","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3446-1265"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mazen Mohamad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3446-1265","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912","https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047409865","display_name":"Linda Erlenhov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5543-7822","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5543-7822"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linda Erlenhov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5543-7822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912","https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013570021","display_name":"Francisco Gomes de Oliveira Neto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9226-5417","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9226-5417"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Gomes de Oliveira Neto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9226-5417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912","https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030517674","display_name":"Philipp Leitner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2777-528X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2777-528X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Leitner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2777-528X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912","https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2995},"apc_paid":{"value":2995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2995},"fwci":1.2047,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84544769,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"1","first_page":"64","last_page":"72"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.7250999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.7250999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.1412000060081482,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.026100000366568565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbots","display_name":"chatbots","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-policy","display_name":"organizational policy","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-organizations","display_name":"software organizations","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development-workflow","display_name":"software development workflow","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-adoption","display_name":"artificial intelligence adoption","score":0.45899999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policymaking","display_name":"policy making","score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-management","display_name":"risk management","score":0.4690000116825104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5428000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.49880000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4771000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.47130000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.38339999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179603123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941921","display_name":"Modeling language","level":3,"score":0.33320000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180152950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2904257","display_name":"Software development process","level":4,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74579156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554342","display_name":"Software peer review","level":5,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ms.2025.3622039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2025.3622039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2025.3622039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6725529","display_name":"IEEE Software","issn_l":"0740-7459","issn":["0740-7459","1937-4194"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:548935","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1109/MS.2025.3622039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ms.2025.3622039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2025.3622039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2025.3622039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6725529","display_name":"IEEE Software","issn_l":"0740-7459","issn":["0740-7459","1937-4194"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312795092","https://openalex.org/W4367059011","https://openalex.org/W4400484650","https://openalex.org/W4400582696","https://openalex.org/W4403278032","https://openalex.org/W4405396136","https://openalex.org/W4408692857","https://openalex.org/W4413349822"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415316985","https://openalex.org/W7213431836","https://openalex.org/W7220695333","https://openalex.org/W4367059011","https://openalex.org/W6940777389","https://openalex.org/W4415228214","https://openalex.org/W4401414416","https://openalex.org/W7219259269","https://openalex.org/W7105020815","https://openalex.org/W4401543460"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"risks":[1],"associated":[2],"with":[3],"adopting":[4],"large":[5],"language":[6],"model":[7],"(LLM)":[8],"chatbots":[9,39],"in":[10],"software":[11],"organizations":[12],"highlight":[13],"the":[14,28],"need":[15],"for":[16],"clear":[17],"policies.":[18],"We":[19],"examine":[20],"how":[21],"11":[22],"companies":[23],"create":[24],"these":[25],"policies":[26],"and":[27],"factors":[29],"that":[30],"influence":[31],"them,":[32],"aiming":[33],"to":[34],"help":[35],"managers":[36],"safely":[37],"integrate":[38],"into":[40],"development":[41],"workflows.":[42]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-10-18T00:00:00"}