{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7083174851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2025.3611667","title":"A Measurement Method for the Phase Difference of Coherently Combined Distributed Apertures","display_name":"A Measurement Method for the Phase Difference of Coherently Combined Distributed Apertures","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7083174851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2025.3611667"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tap.2025.3611667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2025.3611667","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2025.3611667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85738991","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","issn_l":"0018-926X","issn":["0018-926X","1558-2221"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320753","host_organization_name":"IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320753","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061575771","display_name":"Dong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9180-7402","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9180-7402"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Energy, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Energy, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yongcai Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongcai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Energy, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Energy, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Binbin Su","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binbin Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Energy, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Energy, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025214360","display_name":"Haonan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3238-7679","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3238-7679"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haonan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Energy, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Energy, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087555119","display_name":"Jie Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5400-7870","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5400-7870","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2458-3485"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Energy, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5400-7870","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Energy, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jin Meng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Energy, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Energy, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30628088,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"12","first_page":"10544","last_page":"10555"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.4009000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.4009000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11851","display_name":"Electromagnetic Compatibility and Measurements","score":0.23489999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.14229999482631683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-difference-measurement","display_name":"phase difference measurement","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-estimation","display_name":"phase estimation","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-systems-of-equations","display_name":"systems of linear equations","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-noise","display_name":"thermal noise","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phased-array-radar","display_name":"phased array radar","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/millimeter-wave-communication","display_name":"millimeter-wave communication","score":0.9229999780654907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6104999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.5814999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.5335999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.5052000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.49950000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017413879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185553","display_name":"Phase difference","level":3,"score":0.47589999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78336883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779385","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","level":2,"score":0.47119998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.46540001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.4408000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4203000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55494473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727898","display_name":"Phased array","level":3,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.41370001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37649242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932268","display_name":"System of measurement","level":2,"score":0.41339999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.3833000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020654733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6038852","display_name":"Phase unwrapping","level":3,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775957982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283138","display_name":"Distributed antenna system","level":3,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202799725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272035","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137209882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403517","display_name":"Measurement uncertainty","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154236941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942347","display_name":"Physical optics","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tap.2025.3611667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2025.3611667","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2025.3611667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85738991","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","issn_l":"0018-926X","issn":["0018-926X","1558-2221"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320753","host_organization_name":"IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320753","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8293143129","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62001498","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1633529777","https://openalex.org/W1901244935","https://openalex.org/W2012908306","https://openalex.org/W2097256214","https://openalex.org/W2113989424","https://openalex.org/W2132179013","https://openalex.org/W2295771191","https://openalex.org/W2549210003","https://openalex.org/W2606789640","https://openalex.org/W2809785522","https://openalex.org/W2939609983","https://openalex.org/W2966710894","https://openalex.org/W2976106616","https://openalex.org/W2980693653","https://openalex.org/W2991071133","https://openalex.org/W3009845508","https://openalex.org/W3091283260","https://openalex.org/W3124897000","https://openalex.org/W3159067746","https://openalex.org/W3184906530","https://openalex.org/W4210952905","https://openalex.org/W4321770289","https://openalex.org/W4380989564","https://openalex.org/W4387789478","https://openalex.org/W4388895168","https://openalex.org/W4392607898","https://openalex.org/W4400428845","https://openalex.org/W4404985183"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Coherently":[0],"Combined":[1],"Distributed":[2],"Apertures":[3],"(CCDAs)":[4],"offer":[5],"a":[6,25,41,50,56,81,151],"promising":[7],"approach":[8],"to":[9,71,115],"achieve":[10],"high-resolution":[11],"sensing":[12],"through":[13,131,144],"coordinated":[14],"small-aperture":[15],"elements.":[16],"Accurate":[17],"phase":[18,42,94,100,170],"difference":[19,43,95],"measurement":[20,36,44,107],"between":[21,96],"distributed":[22,97,117,189],"apertures":[23],"remains":[24],"fundamental":[26],"challenge\u2014especially":[27],"for":[28,46],"practical":[29],"scenarios":[30],"of":[31,125,150,178,188],"large-spacing":[32],"CCDAs":[33],"in":[34,192],"compact":[35],"environments.":[37],"This":[38,183],"paper":[39],"proposes":[40],"methodology":[45],"CCDA":[47,152],"systems,":[48],"comprising":[49],"specialized":[51],"multi-probe":[52,60],"receiving":[53,61,65],"system":[54,62,84,121],"and":[55,139,142,156,166,176,200],"computational":[57,78],"algorithm.":[58],"The":[59,168],"employs":[63],"three":[64],"antennas":[66],"with":[67,92],"optimized":[68],"spatial":[69],"spacing":[70],"capture":[72],"coherently":[73,88],"combined":[74,89],"signals.":[75],"Concurrently,":[76],"the":[77,87,93,106,116,126,157,161,186],"algorithm":[79],"establishes":[80],"linear":[82],"equation":[83],"that":[85,160],"correlates":[86],"signals\u2019":[90],"powers":[91],"apertures,":[98,118],"enabling":[99],"estimation":[101],"via":[102],"low-complexity":[103],"computation.":[104],"Notably,":[105],"process":[108],"operates":[109],"without":[110],"requiring":[111],"any":[112],"parameter":[113],"adjustment":[114],"thereby":[119],"preserving":[120],"operation.":[122],"Theoretical":[123],"accuracy":[124],"proposed":[127,162],"method":[128,163],"is":[129,164],"clarified":[130],"mathematical":[132],"derivations":[133],"while":[134],"considering":[135],"both":[136],"thermal":[137],"noise":[138],"circuit":[140],"imperfections,":[141],"analyzed":[143],"Monte":[145],"Carlo":[146],"simulations.":[147],"Measurement":[148],"experiments":[149],"prototype":[153],"are":[154,172,180],"conducted":[155],"results":[158],"indicate":[159],"feasible":[165],"accurate.":[167],"measured":[169],"errors":[171],"constrained":[173],"within":[174],"\u00b17.2\u00b0,":[175],"95%":[177],"cases":[179],"below":[181],"\u00b15\u00b0.":[182],"advancement":[184],"enhances":[185],"practicality":[187],"aperture":[190],"systems":[191],"real-time":[193],"applications":[194],"such":[195],"as":[196],"phased":[197],"array":[198],"radar":[199],"millimeter-wave":[201],"communications.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}