{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7083172947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jsued2.sueng-1629","title":"Generalization of Data Snooping and Data Refining","display_name":"Generalization of Data Snooping and Data Refining","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7083172947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jsued2.sueng-1629"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1061/jsued2.sueng-1629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jsued2.sueng-1629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jsued2.sueng-1629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183861542","display_name":"Journal of Surveying Engineering","issn_l":"0733-9453","issn":["0733-9453","1943-5428"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Surveying Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060658591","display_name":"Yangkang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8292-1086","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8292-1086"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yangkang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tongji Univ"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8292-1086","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tongji Univ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ling Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tongji Univ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tongji Univ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yunzhong Shen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunzhong Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tongji Univ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tongji Univ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7526,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94030406,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"152","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13487","display_name":"Statistical and numerical algorithms","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13487","display_name":"Statistical and numerical algorithms","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11871","display_name":"Advanced Statistical Methods and Models","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-snooping","display_name":"data snooping","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gross-errors","display_name":"gross errors","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-errors","display_name":"systematic errors","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/likelihood-ratio-test","display_name":"likelihood ratio test","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gauss-markov-model","display_name":"Gauss-Markov model","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier-detection","display_name":"outlier detection","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-positioning","display_name":"GNSS positioning","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robust-estimation","display_name":"robust estimation","score":0.5540000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58754882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502887","display_name":"Geodetic datum","level":2,"score":0.7355999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.6539000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6014999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5903000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5241000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.4049000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138958017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190087","display_name":"Data type","level":2,"score":0.39089998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60044698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1283324","display_name":"Refining (metallurgy)","level":2,"score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9483764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585740","display_name":"Likelihood-ratio test","level":2,"score":0.38839998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.3743000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10551718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227332","display_name":"Data pre-processing","level":2,"score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150670458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4272815","display_name":"Data transformation","level":3,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138827492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6661985","display_name":"Data processing","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183905921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038757","display_name":"Multiple comparisons problem","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1061/jsued2.sueng-1629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jsued2.sueng-1629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jsued2.sueng-1629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183861542","display_name":"Journal of Surveying Engineering","issn_l":"0733-9453","issn":["0733-9453","1943-5428"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Surveying Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W188216653","https://openalex.org/W1547669723","https://openalex.org/W1982860975","https://openalex.org/W2006209396","https://openalex.org/W2012833501","https://openalex.org/W2020305854","https://openalex.org/W2028811938","https://openalex.org/W2051472905","https://openalex.org/W2109834218","https://openalex.org/W2330356070","https://openalex.org/W2494881943","https://openalex.org/W2625043143","https://openalex.org/W2724913661","https://openalex.org/W2765122046","https://openalex.org/W2790072365","https://openalex.org/W2797822675","https://openalex.org/W2979502707","https://openalex.org/W2990798733","https://openalex.org/W2993330478","https://openalex.org/W3002429172","https://openalex.org/W3031938128","https://openalex.org/W3036783990","https://openalex.org/W3119958850","https://openalex.org/W3121115497","https://openalex.org/W3129091301","https://openalex.org/W4386715507","https://openalex.org/W4399776131","https://openalex.org/W4402389311"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Based":[0,65],"on":[1,66],"the":[2,32,38,54,80,84,88],"extended":[3,58],"w-test,":[4],"data":[5,8,99,102,121,126],"snooping":[6,100,122],"and":[7,50,87,97,101,110,124,143,155],"refining":[9,103,127],"have":[10],"been":[11],"used":[12],"to":[13,26,59,106,164],"diagnose":[14],"outliers":[15],"caused":[16],"by":[17,30],"gross":[18,48],"errors":[19,49,151],"in":[20,147,183],"geodetic":[21],"applications.":[22],"This":[23],"study":[24],"aims":[25],"generalize":[27],"these":[28,92],"methods":[29,117],"incorporating":[31],"likelihood":[33],"ratio":[34],"test":[35,85],"(LRT),":[36],"enabling":[37],"testing":[39,89],"of":[40,43,112],"various":[41],"types":[42,109,154],"mismodeled":[44,63,75,113,150],"errors,":[45],"including":[46],"both":[47,83,141],"systematic":[51],"errors.":[52,64,114],"First,":[53],"Gauss\u2013Markov":[55],"model":[56],"is":[57,159,162],"encompass":[60],"all":[61],"potential":[62],"this":[67],"model,":[68],"multiple":[69,93],"hypotheses":[70,94],"are":[71,95,104,118,145],"generated":[72],"for":[73,91,168],"each":[74],"error":[76],"mode.":[77],"Subsequently,":[78],"using":[79],"LRT":[81],"criterion,":[82],"statistics":[86],"rules":[90],"developed,":[96],"(iterative)":[98],"generalized":[105,116,120,125],"address":[107],"diverse":[108],"numbers":[111],"These":[115],"termed":[119],"(GDS)":[123],"(GDR),":[128],"respectively.":[129],"Finally,":[130],"a":[131],"global":[132],"navigation":[133],"satellite":[134],"system":[135],"(GNSS)":[136],"positioning":[137],"example":[138],"shows":[139],"that":[140,160,189],"GDS":[142,161],"GDR":[144,179],"effective":[146],"dealing":[148],"with":[149,152,170,185],"different":[153],"numbers.":[156],"The":[157],"difference":[158],"shown":[163],"be":[165],"better":[166],"suited":[167],"cases":[169,184],"satisfactory":[171],"observation":[172,187],"conditions":[173],"demanding":[174],"high":[175,191],"estimation":[176,192],"precision.":[177],"Conversely,":[178],"demonstrates":[180],"its":[181],"superiority":[182],"challenging":[186],"environments":[188],"require":[190],"robustness.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}