{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7071028805","doi":null,"title":"Sensor-based approaches to monitoring the behaviour, health, and welfare of dairy calves","display_name":"Sensor-based approaches to monitoring the behaviour, health, and welfare of dairy calves","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7071028805"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.nottingham.ac.uk:73153","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/73153/1/Charles%20Carslake%20%E2%80%93%2014343522%20%E2%80%93%20thesis.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/73153/1/Charles%20Carslake%20%E2%80%93%2014343522%20%E2%80%93%20thesis.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402014","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis (University of Nottingham only)"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/73153/1/Charles%20Carslake%20%E2%80%93%2014343522%20%E2%80%93%20thesis.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089858621","display_name":"Charles Carslake","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carslake, Charles","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089858621"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10838","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies","score":0.9613999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10838","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies","score":0.9613999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.03269999846816063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12322","display_name":"Animal health and immunology","score":0.0032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dairy-calves","display_name":"dairy calves","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-monitoring","display_name":"sensor-based monitoring","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-welfare","display_name":"animal welfare","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feeding-behaviour","display_name":"feeding behaviour","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inter-individual-variability","display_name":"interindividual variability","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/locomotor-play","display_name":"locomotor play","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"computer vision","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavior-monitoring","display_name":"behavioral monitoring","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weight-gain","display_name":"weight gain","score":0.8870000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.24160000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2362000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.23549999296665192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.22380000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.21660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.21130000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.2102999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.20970000326633453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.2087000012397766}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.nottingham.ac.uk:73153","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/73153/1/Charles%20Carslake%20%E2%80%93%2014343522%20%E2%80%93%20thesis.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/73153/1/Charles%20Carslake%20%E2%80%93%2014343522%20%E2%80%93%20thesis.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402014","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis (University of Nottingham only)"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.nottingham.ac.uk:123456789/57694","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.nottingham.ac.uk/handle/123456789/57694","pdf_url":"https://repository.nottingham.ac.uk/bitstreams/b8043cad-97ea-40b4-86d4-1da30ba63e3b/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402014","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"ethesis"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.nottingham.ac.uk:73153","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/73153/1/Charles%20Carslake%20%E2%80%93%2014343522%20%E2%80%93%20thesis.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/73153/1/Charles%20Carslake%20%E2%80%93%2014343522%20%E2%80%93%20thesis.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402014","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis (University of Nottingham only)"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.958299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7071028805.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7071028805.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":246,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W162632409","https://openalex.org/W897944125","https://openalex.org/W1545889824","https://openalex.org/W1558792683","https://openalex.org/W1562001154","https://openalex.org/W1808644423","https://openalex.org/W1964751586","https://openalex.org/W1965123449","https://openalex.org/W1967326734","https://openalex.org/W1967365926","https://openalex.org/W1967918006","https://openalex.org/W1970394856","https://openalex.org/W1972047492","https://openalex.org/W1976668103","https://openalex.org/W1977863838","https://openalex.org/W1979887764","https://openalex.org/W1980326878","https://openalex.org/W1980471789","https://openalex.org/W1981068908","https://openalex.org/W1983763236","https://openalex.org/W1989014451","https://openalex.org/W1994549389","https://openalex.org/W1994870742","https://openalex.org/W1995727920","https://openalex.org/W1996397807","https://openalex.org/W1996826305","https://openalex.org/W1997261688","https://openalex.org/W1997326090","https://openalex.org/W2002287117","https://openalex.org/W2004008911","https://openalex.org/W2008314641","https://openalex.org/W2008961071","https://openalex.org/W2009172303","https://openalex.org/W2010017559","https://openalex.org/W2010438492","https://openalex.org/W2011650823","https://openalex.org/W2012417629","https://openalex.org/W2012968633","https://openalex.org/W2013076601","https://openalex.org/W2015640170","https://openalex.org/W2016992169","https://openalex.org/W2017089771","https://openalex.org/W2018129006","https://openalex.org/W2023302299","https://openalex.org/W2023637447","https://openalex.org/W2027671897","https://openalex.org/W2029934505","https://openalex.org/W2032245467","https://openalex.org/W2032533082","https://openalex.org/W2035741466","https://openalex.org/W2035852885","https://openalex.org/W2038109538","https://openalex.org/W2039136074","https://openalex.org/W2043125678","https://openalex.org/W2044731529","https://openalex.org/W2044737005","https://openalex.org/W2045317670","https://openalex.org/W2045443942","https://openalex.org/W2045830677","https://openalex.org/W2046046034","https://openalex.org/W2046098923","https://openalex.org/W2046199630","https://openalex.org/W2046586662","https://openalex.org/W2046867703","https://openalex.org/W2047618274","https://openalex.org/W2050365465","https://openalex.org/W2050686870","https://openalex.org/W2054163076","https://openalex.org/W2054605380","https://openalex.org/W2055156391","https://openalex.org/W2059584919","https://openalex.org/W2059789761","https://openalex.org/W2061476647","https://openalex.org/W2064236088","https://openalex.org/W2065266342","https://openalex.org/W2067753911","https://openalex.org/W2068588905","https://openalex.org/W2068660198","https://openalex.org/W2070926505","https://openalex.org/W2071771792","https://openalex.org/W2072060093","https://openalex.org/W2073660185","https://openalex.org/W2075411421","https://openalex.org/W2075535497","https://openalex.org/W2079066366","https://openalex.org/W2079927687","https://openalex.org/W2087352304","https://openalex.org/W2087730338","https://openalex.org/W2091975706","https://openalex.org/W2092509431","https://openalex.org/W2092695100","https://openalex.org/W2094040157","https://openalex.org/W2094451740","https://openalex.org/W2096109592","https://openalex.org/W2096869747","https://openalex.org/W2097080438","https://openalex.org/W2097575504","https://openalex.org/W2099419573","https://openalex.org/W2099555137","https://openalex.org/W2099937535","https://openalex.org/W2102346870","https://openalex.org/W2102429818","https://openalex.org/W2104992654","https://openalex.org/W2107687774","https://openalex.org/W2107826343","https://openalex.org/W2109104251","https://openalex.org/W2109638651","https://openalex.org/W2112045292","https://openalex.org/W2112444925","https://openalex.org/W2116039332","https://openalex.org/W2117021375","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2120168456","https://openalex.org/W2121043175","https://openalex.org/W2123530567","https://openalex.org/W2125331903","https://openalex.org/W2126526396","https://openalex.org/W2128162234","https://openalex.org/W2132691216","https://openalex.org/W2136361247","https://openalex.org/W2139303470","https://openalex.org/W2144694959","https://openalex.org/W2144801298","https://openalex.org/W2144946347","https://openalex.org/W2146916292","https://openalex.org/W2148361414","https://openalex.org/W2155806188","https://openalex.org/W2156243671","https://openalex.org/W2160137135","https://openalex.org/W2160678426","https://openalex.org/W2160909417","https://openalex.org/W2161247947","https://openalex.org/W2162023816","https://openalex.org/W2162090451","https://openalex.org/W2165141023","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2166600508","https://openalex.org/W2189495940","https://openalex.org/W2253657585","https://openalex.org/W2279392199","https://openalex.org/W2297577744","https://openalex.org/W2330422580","https://openalex.org/W2338565696","https://openalex.org/W2345435552","https://openalex.org/W2346477901","https://openalex.org/W2391029651","https://openalex.org/W2401122894","https://openalex.org/W2467187347","https://openalex.org/W2487770199","https://openalex.org/W2507185219","https://openalex.org/W2515324011","https://openalex.org/W2522983474","https://openalex.org/W2527150209","https://openalex.org/W2550945312","https://openalex.org/W2552609869","https://openalex.org/W2568949435","https://openalex.org/W2579889264","https://openalex.org/W2584559157","https://openalex.org/W2592003945","https://openalex.org/W2606611894","https://openalex.org/W2611892484","https://openalex.org/W2746176122","https://openalex.org/W2748221420","https://openalex.org/W2750676631","https://openalex.org/W2766160192","https://openalex.org/W2768861170","https://openalex.org/W2771743668","https://openalex.org/W2780819524","https://openalex.org/W2782859682","https://openalex.org/W2785765731","https://openalex.org/W2785958699","https://openalex.org/W2789050753","https://openalex.org/W2789290006","https://openalex.org/W2792151248","https://openalex.org/W2794376975","https://openalex.org/W2795939501","https://openalex.org/W2797360908","https://openalex.org/W2799530731","https://openalex.org/W2802649760","https://openalex.org/W2804874946","https://openalex.org/W2806543185","https://openalex.org/W2883102033","https://openalex.org/W2887736038","https://openalex.org/W2888623749","https://openalex.org/W2892199289","https://openalex.org/W2892353251","https://openalex.org/W2895702882","https://openalex.org/W2897703124","https://openalex.org/W2898009441","https://openalex.org/W2898312960","https://openalex.org/W2899358145","https://openalex.org/W2902146932","https://openalex.org/W2910889509","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2942862297","https://openalex.org/W2945705217","https://openalex.org/W2953159213","https://openalex.org/W2962916935","https://openalex.org/W2962949934","https://openalex.org/W2963823468","https://openalex.org/W2969447695","https://openalex.org/W2970676562","https://openalex.org/W2974640015","https://openalex.org/W2977545649","https://openalex.org/W2989993766","https://openalex.org/W2990973181","https://openalex.org/W2991417819","https://openalex.org/W2991551423","https://openalex.org/W3000339291","https://openalex.org/W3002566782","https://openalex.org/W3006406963","https://openalex.org/W3007508619","https://openalex.org/W3011254899","https://openalex.org/W3028219679","https://openalex.org/W3038735907","https://openalex.org/W3039348172","https://openalex.org/W3041906494","https://openalex.org/W3043458192","https://openalex.org/W3044492668","https://openalex.org/W3047581272","https://openalex.org/W3048534840","https://openalex.org/W3059055480","https://openalex.org/W3089759071","https://openalex.org/W3094525182","https://openalex.org/W3103125779","https://openalex.org/W3111550864","https://openalex.org/W3114616376","https://openalex.org/W3117315715","https://openalex.org/W3119056849","https://openalex.org/W3120639556","https://openalex.org/W3157178600","https://openalex.org/W3163830392","https://openalex.org/W3166743007","https://openalex.org/W3184911821","https://openalex.org/W3198845755","https://openalex.org/W3198929032","https://openalex.org/W3215555174","https://openalex.org/W4200394482","https://openalex.org/W4220832250","https://openalex.org/W4221106161","https://openalex.org/W4225254091","https://openalex.org/W4231760770","https://openalex.org/W4281780759","https://openalex.org/W4281980375","https://openalex.org/W4286630744","https://openalex.org/W4292429807"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3023022187","https://openalex.org/W3114616376","https://openalex.org/W3194723771","https://openalex.org/W2626669366","https://openalex.org/W4404357366","https://openalex.org/W4386530328","https://openalex.org/W3193634409","https://openalex.org/W2504625729","https://openalex.org/W3111554939","https://openalex.org/W4310640397"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Currently,":[0],"the":[1,54,92,107,204,297,335],"detection":[2],"of":[3,41,56,96,131,148,206,260,299,306,321,337],"ill":[4,42,149,167,180],"health":[5,43,181,338],"in":[6,44,61,69,134,142,218,263,309,341],"UK":[7],"farmed":[8],"calves":[9,219],"is":[10,17,58,220,266,282,327],"based":[11],"on":[12],"intermittent":[13],"visual":[14],"observation":[15],"which":[16,57,138],"subjective":[18],"and":[19,38,65,103,106,118,120,156,189,196,291,339],"poorly":[20,59],"accurate.":[21],"Sensor-based":[22],"monitoring":[23,217],"may":[24],"offer":[25],"an":[26],"improved":[27],"alternative.":[28],"For":[29],"example,":[30],"sensors":[31],"could":[32,139,255],"be":[33,114,122,140,232,273],"used":[34,177,233],"to":[35,113,121,165,178,209,215,234,243,284,287,302,314],"monitor":[36,315],"behaviour":[37,254],"detect":[39,166,179,236],"signs":[40],"calves.":[45,62,264,342],"However,":[46],"substantial":[47],"individual":[48,67,87],"variation":[49,68,133,308],"exists":[50],"for":[51,198],"many":[52],"behaviours,":[53,247],"extent":[55],"understood":[60],"Here,":[63],"within-":[64],"between-":[66],"calf":[70,135],"feeding":[71,99,136,159],"behaviours":[72,100,239,271,322],"are":[73,201],"quantified":[74],"using":[75,158,182,275],"data":[76,160],"from":[77,161,226],"computerised":[78,162],"milk":[79,163],"feeders.":[80],"Results":[81,186,222],"show":[82,223],"that":[83,224,269,279,329],"substantial,":[84],"temporally":[85],"stable":[86],"differences":[88,109],"exist.":[89],"In":[90,169],"addition,":[91],"average":[93],"behavioural":[94,145,216,307],"expression":[95],"two":[97],"distinct":[98],"were":[101,111,154],"positively":[102],"significantly":[104],"correlated":[105],"between-individual":[108],"observed":[110],"shown":[112,268],"consistent":[115],"over":[116],"time":[117],"context,":[119],"associated":[123],"with":[124],"weight":[125],"gain.":[126],"This":[127],"improves":[128],"our":[129,304],"understanding":[130,305],"normal":[132],"behaviour,":[137],"helpful":[141],"detecting":[143],"potential":[144,298],"changes":[146],"indicative":[147],"health.":[150,168],"Machine":[151],"learning":[152],"models":[153],"trained":[155],"tested":[157],"feeders":[164],"a":[170,173,211,227,257,316],"separate":[171],"study,":[172],"similar":[174],"methodology":[175],"was":[176],"reticulo-rumen":[183],"temperature":[184],"boluses.":[185],"indicate":[187],"low":[188],"moderate":[190],"predictive":[191],"performance,":[192],"respectively.":[193],"Study":[194],"limitations":[195],"areas":[197],"future":[199],"research":[200],"discussed.":[202],"Finally,":[203],"development":[205],"novel":[207],"technologies":[208,301],"enable":[210,285],"more":[212,318],"holistic":[213],"approach":[214],"explored.":[221],"signals":[225],"single":[228],"collar-based":[229],"sensor":[230],"can":[231,272],"accurately":[235],"nine":[237],"different":[238],"as":[240,242,249,311,313],"well":[241,312],"quantify":[244],"rarely":[245],"occurring":[246],"such":[248],"locomotor":[250],"play.":[251],"Quantifying":[252],"play":[253],"provide":[256],"useful":[258],"indicator":[259],"positive":[261],"welfare":[262,340],"It":[265,326],"also":[267],"these":[270],"detected":[274],"computer":[276],"vision,":[277],"but":[278],"further":[280],"work":[281,331],"needed":[283],"generalisation":[286],"new":[288],"camera":[289],"angles":[290],"scenes.":[292],"Overall,":[293],"this":[294,330],"thesis":[295],"highlights":[296],"sensor-based":[300],"improve":[303],"calves,":[310],"greatly":[317],"diverse":[319],"range":[320],"than":[323],"previously":[324],"attempted.":[325],"hoped":[328],"will":[332],"contribute":[333],"towards":[334],"improvement":[336]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
