{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7057045959","doi":null,"title":"Identifying and Measuring Excessive and Discriminatory Policing","display_name":"Identifying and Measuring Excessive and Discriminatory Policing","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7057045959"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:chicagounbound.uchicago.edu:uclrev-6286","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclrev/vol89/iss2/6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"University of Chicago Law Review","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018155177","display_name":"Alex Chohlas-Wood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8279-6270","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8279-6270"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chohlas-Wood,, Alex","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026456054","display_name":"Marissa Kumar Gerchick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3831-8961","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3831-8961"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerchick, Marissa","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027036879","display_name":"Sharad Goel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6103-9318","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6103-9318"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goel, Sharad","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Huq, Aziz Z.","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huq, Aziz Z.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shoemaker, Amy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shoemaker, Amy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032620634","display_name":"Ravi Shroff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3783-9630","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3783-9630"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shroff, Ravi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021335359","display_name":"Keniel Yao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao, Keniel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55459201,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.006099999882280827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12474","display_name":"Education Discipline and Inequality","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-discrimination-in-policing","display_name":"racial discrimination in policing","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-stops","display_name":"traffic stops","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian-stops","display_name":"pedestrian stops","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities","display_name":"racial disparities","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-benefit-analysis","display_name":"cost-benefit analysis","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-reform","display_name":"police reform","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-accountability","display_name":"police accountability","score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-safety","display_name":"public safety","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chicago","display_name":"Chicago","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philadelphia","display_name":"Philadelphia","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-york-city","display_name":"New York City","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nashville-tennessee","display_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","score":0.9900000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.6723999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777063073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553237","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","level":3,"score":0.4530999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.43059998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42320001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776889015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282532","display_name":"Disparate impact","level":3,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777819797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8010","display_name":"Pedestrian crossing","level":3,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43091099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1067788","display_name":"Through-the-lens metering","level":3,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778058735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692253","display_name":"Aggregate data","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776841582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264236","display_name":"Law reform","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:chicagounbound.uchicago.edu:uclrev-6286","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclrev/vol89/iss2/6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"University of Chicago Law Review","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.875,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2608021239","https://openalex.org/W4226198092","https://openalex.org/W2467815408","https://openalex.org/W4397019981","https://openalex.org/W2115263367","https://openalex.org/W2221144854","https://openalex.org/W7099423604","https://openalex.org/W46289892","https://openalex.org/W4394011639","https://openalex.org/W3121805594"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"describe":[1],"and":[2,16,29,34,83,95,129,135,148],"apply":[3],"three":[4],"empirical":[5,61],"approaches":[6],"to":[7,18],"identify":[8],"superfluous":[9],"police":[10,91,146],"activity,":[11],"unjustified":[12,74],"racially":[13],"disparate":[14],"impacts,":[15],"limits":[17],"regulatory":[19,121],"interventions.":[20],"First,":[21],"using":[22],"cost-benefit":[23],"analysis,":[24],"we":[25,50,97],"show":[26,98],"that":[27,99,106],"traffic":[28,111],"pedestrian":[30,103],"stops":[31,104,112],"in":[32,55,69,76,79,93,110,145,149],"Nashville":[33],"New":[35,80],"York":[36,81],"City":[37,82],"disproportionately":[38],"impacted":[39],"communities":[40],"of":[41,90,131,141],"color":[42],"without":[43],"achieving":[44],"their":[45],"stated":[46],"public-safety":[47],"goals.":[48],"Second,":[49],"address":[51],"a":[52,87,107],"long-standing":[53],"problem":[54],"discrimination":[56],"research":[57],"by":[58],"presenting":[59],"an":[60],"approach":[62],"for":[63],"identifying":[64],"\u201csimilarly":[65],"situated\u201d":[66],"individuals":[67],"and,":[68],"so":[70],"doing,":[71],"quantify":[72],"potentially":[73],"disparities":[75],"stop":[77],"policies":[78],"Chicago.":[84],"Finally,":[85],"taking":[86],"holistic":[88],"view":[89],"contact":[92],"Chicago":[94],"Philadelphia,":[96],"settlement":[100],"agreements":[101],"curbed":[102],"but":[105],"concomitant":[108],"rise":[109],"maintained":[113],"aggregate":[114],"racial":[115],"disparities,":[116],"illustrating":[117],"the":[118,127,139],"challenges":[119],"facing":[120],"efforts.":[122],"These":[123],"case":[124],"studies":[125],"highlight":[126],"promise":[128],"value":[130],"viewing":[132],"legal":[133],"principles":[134],"policy":[136],"goals":[137],"through":[138],"lens":[140],"modern":[142],"data":[143],"analysis\u2014both":[144],"reform":[147,150],"efforts":[151],"more":[152],"broadly.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
