{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7053679306","doi":null,"title":"When the Great Equalizer Shuts Down: Schools, Peers, and Parents in Pandemic Time","display_name":"When the Great Equalizer Shuts Down: Schools, Peers, and Parents in Pandemic Time","publication_year":null,"publication_date":null,"ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7053679306"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:2267","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d22/d2267.pdf","pdf_url":"https://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d22/d2267.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070114945","display_name":"Francesco Agostinelli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Agostinelli","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075247079","display_name":"Matthias Doepke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8073-6138","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8073-6138"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Doepke","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060030380","display_name":"Giuseppe Sorrenti","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Sorrenti","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044805165","display_name":"Fabrizio Zilibotti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1807-6009","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1807-6009"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabrizio Zilibotti","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13084","display_name":"Education during COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13084","display_name":"Education during COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.022600000724196434,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-closures","display_name":"school closures","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-inequality","display_name":"educational inequality","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-loss","display_name":"learning loss","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peer-effects","display_name":"peer effects","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parental-involvement","display_name":"parental involvement","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-learning","display_name":"online learning","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skill-development","display_name":"skill development","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-income-households","display_name":"low-income households","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neighborhood-income","display_name":"neighborhood income","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-school-students","display_name":"high school students","score":0.75}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.6049000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3912999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988313152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25324530","display_name":"Peer effects","level":2,"score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780310539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12547192","display_name":"Imperfect","level":2,"score":0.3702999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778783286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861360","display_name":"Educational inequality","level":3,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983413640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1080794","display_name":"Public education","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:2267","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d22/d2267.pdf","pdf_url":"https://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d22/d2267.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.975600004196167,"display_name":"Quality education"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.9629999995231628,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.41670000553131104,"display_name":"No poverty"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3132170172","https://openalex.org/W1531556887","https://openalex.org/W4226018504","https://openalex.org/W3123534370","https://openalex.org/W4210329023","https://openalex.org/W3156459063","https://openalex.org/W3114629061","https://openalex.org/W4226243047","https://openalex.org/W6986985209","https://openalex.org/W4388639992"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"What":[0],"are":[1,50,73],"the":[2,8,55,64,80,86,149],"effects":[3,30],"of":[4,57,60,82,88,92,123],"school":[5,98,114],"closures":[6,99],"during":[7,148],"Covid-19":[9],"pandemic":[10],"on":[11,106],"children's":[12],"education?":[13],"Online":[14],"education":[15],"is":[16,46,54,110],"an":[17],"imperfect":[18],"substitute":[19],"for":[20,24,63],"in-person":[21],"learning,":[22],"particularly":[23],"children":[25,35,128],"from":[26,36,116,129],"low-income":[27],"families.":[28],"Peer":[29],"also":[31],"change:":[32],"schools":[33,49],"allow":[34],"different":[37],"socio-economic":[38],"backgrounds":[39],"to":[40,75,144],"mix":[41],"together,":[42],"and":[43,103,140],"this":[44],"effect":[45,105],"lost":[47],"when":[48],"closed.":[51],"Another":[52],"factor":[53],"response":[56],"parents,":[58],"some":[59],"whom":[61],"compensate":[62],"changed":[65],"environment":[66],"through":[67,137],"their":[68],"own":[69],"efforts,":[70],"while":[71],"others":[72],"unable":[74],"do":[76],"so.":[77],"We":[78,95],"examine":[79],"interaction":[81],"these":[83],"factors":[84],"with":[85],"aid":[87],"a":[89,101,120],"structural":[90],"model":[91],"skill":[93],"formation.":[94],"find":[96],"that":[97,109],"have":[100],"large":[102],"persistent":[104],"educational":[107,146],"outcomes":[108],"highly":[111],"unequal.":[112],"High":[113],"students":[115],"poor":[117],"neighborhoods":[118,131],"suffer":[119],"learning":[121],"loss":[122],"0.4":[124],"standard":[125],"deviations,":[126],"whereas":[127],"rich":[130],"remain":[132],"unscathed.":[133],"The":[134],"channels":[135],"operating":[136],"schools,":[138],"peers,":[139],"parents":[141],"all":[142],"contribute":[143],"growing":[145],"inequality":[147],"pandemic.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}