{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7046220170","doi":null,"title":"The commodity market\u2019s volatility through Covid-19 and the war in Ukraine","display_name":"The commodity market\u2019s volatility through Covid-19 and the war in Ukraine","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7046220170"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:uis.brage.unit.no:11250/3087113","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3087113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064446","display_name":"NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7046220170"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3087113","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Veiv\u00e5g, Mats Kristian","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Veiv\u00e5g, Mats Kristian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11059","display_name":"Market Dynamics and Volatility","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11059","display_name":"Market Dynamics and Volatility","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11711","display_name":"COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10282","display_name":"Financial Risk and Volatility Modeling","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commodity-market-volatility","display_name":"commodity market volatility","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/russia-ukraine-war","display_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crude-oil","display_name":"crude oil","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gold-as-safe-haven","display_name":"gold as safe haven","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sharpe-ratio","display_name":"Sharpe ratio","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relative-risk","display_name":"relative risk","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-commodities","display_name":"energy commodities","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-gas","display_name":"natural gas","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper","display_name":"copper","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wheat","display_name":"wheat","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nickel","display_name":"nickel","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coal","display_name":"coal","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fertilizers","display_name":"fertilizers","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grain-prices","display_name":"grain prices","score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sanctions-against-russia","display_name":"sanctions against Russia","score":0.7260000109672546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91602232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756115","display_name":"Volatility (finance)","level":2,"score":0.7416999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7069000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317088","display_name":"Commodity","level":2,"score":0.5942000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776667075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2922469","display_name":"Commodity market","level":2,"score":0.5776000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.48559999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86337476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651685","display_name":"Supply shock","level":3,"score":0.45019999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175992601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5153179","display_name":"Commodity swap","level":3,"score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90937171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764869","display_name":"Contango","level":3,"score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776988154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66100","display_name":"Exchange rate","level":2,"score":0.38449999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120330832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166656","display_name":"Supply and demand","level":2,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987168347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22656","display_name":"Crude oil","level":2,"score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993018946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488732","display_name":"Price shock","level":2,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175025494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179179","display_name":"Interest rate","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779685004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570293","display_name":"Terms of trade","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776849302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1239166","display_name":"Energy market","level":3,"score":0.26019999384880066}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:uis.brage.unit.no:11250/3087113","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3087113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064446","display_name":"NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:uis.brage.unit.no:11250/3087113","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3087113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064446","display_name":"NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390848234","https://openalex.org/W3196280376","https://openalex.org/W4382241013","https://openalex.org/W3169335651","https://openalex.org/W3130869864","https://openalex.org/W3135114506","https://openalex.org/W3017880491","https://openalex.org/W4297760334","https://openalex.org/W4386932153","https://openalex.org/W7036629659"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"early":[1,340],"2020":[2,289],"a":[3,46,65,73,178,202,228,261,303,419,449,514],"pandemic":[4,252],"quickly":[5,274],"led":[6,82,143],"to":[7,14,45,55,72,83,110,144,158,220,295,320,395,430,455,509],"major":[8,85,98],"shutdowns":[9],"of":[10,18,31,36,80,96,192,197,452,481,520,526],"production":[11,61],"and":[12,22,33,62,104,131,135,147,153,168,205,285,291,307,326,348,376,440],"travel":[13],"prevent":[15],"the":[16,19,25,29,38,78,91,94,115,150,156,160,165,169,190,195,208,214,237,241,247,251,257,334,370,374,377,381,388,408,411,434,438,442,445,458,463,467,473,477,491,521,524],"spread":[17],"Covid-19":[20],"virus,":[21],"lockdowns":[23],"affecting":[24],"supply":[26,95],"chain":[27],"stopping":[28],"flow":[30],"materials":[32],"goods.":[34],"Because":[35],"this":[37,182],"demand":[39,69],"for":[40,59,124,213,324,380,398],"energy":[41,56,68,238],"shifted":[42],"downwards":[43],"leading":[44,109],"fall":[47,321],"in":[48,67,75,87,149,246,279,336,339,353,367,414,422,476],"several":[49,88],"commodity":[50,116,119,125,151,166,219,259,317],"prices.":[51],"This":[52,406],"is":[53,211,225,256,272,385,407,428,472],"due":[54],"being":[57],"used":[58],"both":[60],"transport,":[63],"so":[64],"decrease":[66,74],"will":[70],"lead":[71],"price.":[76],"Further":[77,199,311],"invasion":[79],"Ukraine":[81,134,337],"another":[84],"shift":[86],"markets":[89],"as":[90,100,127,222,227,265,267,297,355,483,485,502,504],"war":[92,335,412,443],"affected":[93],"some":[97,309],"commodities,":[99],"Europe,":[101],"United":[102],"States,":[103],"other":[105,342,435,446],"nations":[106],"sanctioned":[107],"Russia,":[108],"long":[111],"term":[112],"consequences":[113],"on":[114,163],"markets.":[117],"The":[118],"prices":[120],"increased":[121],"rapidly,":[122],"especially":[123],"groups":[126],"energy,":[128],"fertilizers,":[129],"grains,":[130],"metals,":[132],"where":[133,470,511],"Russia":[136],"are":[137,240,390,493],"big":[138,262],"exporters.":[139],"Both":[140],"events":[141],"have":[142,154,173],"higher":[145],"volatility":[146,170,186,245,280,293,306,354,368],"uncertainty":[148],"market":[152,167],"made":[155],"basis":[157],"investigate":[159],"research":[161],"question":[162],"how":[164,185],"revolving":[171],"commodities":[172,239,343,389,424,436,447,464,492,522],"been":[174],"impacted.":[175],"By":[176],"using":[177,201],"moving":[179,203],"standard":[180],"deviation":[181],"analysis":[183],"explores":[184],"has":[187],"changed":[188],"from":[189,281,486,496,505],"start":[191],"2015":[193],"until":[194,410,488,499,507],"end":[196,525],"2022.":[198,527],"by":[200,230,276,359,523],"beta":[204,375],"Sharpe":[206,459],"ratio":[207,460],"relative":[209,378,394],"risk":[210,453],"analyzed":[212],"same":[215,468],"interval,":[216],"comparing":[217],"each":[218],"gold,":[221,282,396],"gold":[223,404,427,471,512],"often":[224,402],"seen":[226],"safe-haven":[229],"investors.":[231],"\\n\\nThe":[232],"empirical":[233],"data":[234],"shows":[235,461],"that":[236,387,401,462],"ones":[242],"with":[243],"highest":[244],"pre-covid":[248,382],"period.":[249,371],"As":[250,333],"hits":[253],"crude":[254,345],"oil":[255],"only":[258],"making":[260],"immediate":[263],"leap":[264,421],"soon":[266],"society":[268],"locks":[269],"down.":[270],"It":[271],"then":[273],"followed":[275,358],"an":[277],"increase":[278,296],"natural":[283,327,399],"gas,":[284],"copper.":[286,360],"Later":[287],"into":[288,312],"wheat":[290,349],"coal":[292,325],"starts":[294,338,413,444],"well,":[298,356],"while":[299],"Nickel":[300],"already":[301],"had":[302],"relatively":[304],"high":[305],"see":[308,315,418],"variations.":[310],"2021":[313,506],"we":[314,417],"most":[316,519],"volatilities":[318],"starting":[319],"again,":[322],"except":[323,397],"gas":[328,400],"who":[329],"make":[330,350],"large":[331,351,420],"jumps.":[332],"2022":[341,415],"like":[344],"oil,":[346],"nickel":[347],"leaps":[352],"later":[357],"Gold":[361],"does":[362],"not":[363],"show":[364,448],"any":[365],"change":[366],"during":[369],"Looking":[372],"at":[373],"risk,":[379],"period":[383],"it":[384],"shown":[386,429],"mostly":[391,466],"less":[392],"volatile":[393],"exceeds":[403],"volatility.":[405],"case":[409],"when":[416],"all":[423],"beta.":[425],"Overall":[426],"be":[431],"riskier":[432],"than":[433,518],"before":[437],"war,":[439],"after":[441],"larger":[450],"level":[451],"compared":[454],"gold.":[456],"Furthermore,":[457],"follow":[465],"pattern":[469],"better":[474,494,515],"investment":[475,516],"first":[478],"3":[479],"quarters":[480],"2016,":[482],"well":[484,503],"2019":[487],"2021.":[489],"However,":[490],"investments":[495],"late":[497,500],"2016":[498],"2018,":[501],"mid-":[508],"late-2022,":[510],"becomes":[513],"option":[517]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-03T10:48:47.769340","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
