{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7045221000","doi":null,"title":"Algorithmic reasoning in large language models and neuro-symbolic architectures","display_name":"Algorithmic reasoning in large language models and neuro-symbolic architectures","publication_year":null,"publication_date":null,"ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7045221000"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/3551867","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11577/3551867","pdf_url":"https://www.research.unipd.it/bitstream/11577/3551867/2/thesis_reviews_frontespizio_pdfA.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402547","display_name":"Padua Research Archive (University of Padova)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.research.unipd.it/bitstream/11577/3551867/2/thesis_reviews_frontespizio_pdfA.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072676231","display_name":"Flavio Petruzzellis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1704-0944","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1704-0944"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"PETRUZZELLIS, FLAVIO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professor of Computer Science"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor of Computer Science","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072676231"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.26420000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.26420000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.15209999680519104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.14149999618530273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-reasoning","display_name":"algorithmic reasoning","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuro-symbolic-architecture","display_name":"neuro-symbolic architecture","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compositionality","display_name":"compositionality","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term-rewriting-systems","display_name":"term rewriting systems","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chain-of-thought-prompting","display_name":"chain-of-thought prompting","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-systems","display_name":"rule-based systems","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/llama-2","display_name":"Llama 2","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpt-4","display_name":"GPT-4","score":0.8429999947547913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7626000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195344581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2555318","display_name":"Automated reasoning","level":2,"score":0.5945000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154690210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1668499","display_name":"Rewriting","level":2,"score":0.5781999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5595999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121375916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q936559","display_name":"Principle of compositionality","level":2,"score":0.5521000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5232999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.40540000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89288958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301504","display_name":"Reasoning system","level":2,"score":0.366100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.35839998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.35040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138101251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213092","display_name":"Thread (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33320000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162027153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2264109","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","level":2,"score":0.3100999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20854674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4386060","display_name":"Cognitive architecture","level":3,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140843580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840067","display_name":"Defeasible reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83725634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268699","display_name":"Qualitative reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86827895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098582","display_name":"Opportunistic reasoning","level":4,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37335422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888134","display_name":"Model-based reasoning","level":3,"score":0.2526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/3551867","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11577/3551867","pdf_url":"https://www.research.unipd.it/bitstream/11577/3551867/2/thesis_reviews_frontespizio_pdfA.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402547","display_name":"Padua Research Archive (University of Padova)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/3551867","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11577/3551867","pdf_url":"https://www.research.unipd.it/bitstream/11577/3551867/2/thesis_reviews_frontespizio_pdfA.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402547","display_name":"Padua Research Archive (University of Padova)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7045221000.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7045221000.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1809457171","https://openalex.org/W2009784500","https://openalex.org/W2013494846","https://openalex.org/W2110377720","https://openalex.org/W2124479173","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2167839676","https://openalex.org/W2173051530","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2204302769","https://openalex.org/W2530887700","https://openalex.org/W2789541106","https://openalex.org/W2796705611","https://openalex.org/W2946609015","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W3001279689","https://openalex.org/W3005742798","https://openalex.org/W3015468748","https://openalex.org/W3017374003","https://openalex.org/W3033529678","https://openalex.org/W3037492894","https://openalex.org/W3093356033","https://openalex.org/W3118781290","https://openalex.org/W3128869811","https://openalex.org/W3133029875","https://openalex.org/W3157286395","https://openalex.org/W3158330599","https://openalex.org/W3194676777","https://openalex.org/W3215529831","https://openalex.org/W4221160321","https://openalex.org/W4226146865","https://openalex.org/W4283026156","https://openalex.org/W4302011318","https://openalex.org/W4304192698","https://openalex.org/W4311000453","https://openalex.org/W4319997768","https://openalex.org/W4327810158","https://openalex.org/W4379089685","https://openalex.org/W4381245716","https://openalex.org/W4384918448","https://openalex.org/W4385946786","https://openalex.org/W4387949708","https://openalex.org/W4388979610","https://openalex.org/W4392902994","https://openalex.org/W4394655428","https://openalex.org/W4399695831","https://openalex.org/W4401042136","https://openalex.org/W4401043418","https://openalex.org/W4403324134","https://openalex.org/W4403621476","https://openalex.org/W4406059249","https://openalex.org/W4406614997","https://openalex.org/W7039287486","https://openalex.org/W7058409103","https://openalex.org/W7103374186","https://openalex.org/W7133237984"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7169876679","https://openalex.org/W4416035455","https://openalex.org/W4416061721","https://openalex.org/W4406841238","https://openalex.org/W4414992338","https://openalex.org/W7066516813","https://openalex.org/W4415186031","https://openalex.org/W4414699820","https://openalex.org/W7000968146","https://openalex.org/W7196957091"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rule-based":[0],"systems":[1,22,56],"from":[2,64],"the":[3,43,52,75,95,106,173,195,204,216],"tradition":[4,67],"of":[5,31,54,68,77,99,108,118,176,209,218],"artificial":[6],"intelligence":[7],"possess":[8],"reliable":[9],"reasoning":[10,39,97,139,207],"capabilities,":[11],"but":[12,36],"struggle":[13],"with":[14,144],"flexibility":[15],"and":[16,70,126,160,188,201,224],"scalability.":[17],"Conversely,":[18],"modern":[19],"deep":[20],"learning-based":[21],"have":[23],"demonstrated":[24],"impressive":[25],"performance":[26],"in":[27,83,184],"a":[28,65,80,112,154],"wide":[29],"variety":[30],"tasks":[32],"requiring":[33],"``fast":[34],"thinking'',":[35],"lack":[37],"robust":[38,205],"capabilities.":[40],"Motivated":[41],"by":[42],"need":[44],"to":[45,60,158],"overcome":[46],"these":[47,192],"limitations,":[48],"this":[49],"thesis":[50],"investigates":[51],"design":[53,220],"AI":[55,69],"that":[57,114,130],"can":[58,167],"learn":[59,159],"reason":[61],"systematically.":[62],"Drawing":[63],"rich":[66],"cognitive":[71],"science,":[72],"we":[73,88,93,152],"leverage":[74],"concept":[76],"compositionality":[78],"as":[79],"common":[81],"thread":[82],"our":[84,210,219],"research.":[85],"The":[86,180],"contributions":[87],"offer":[89],"are":[90],"twofold.":[91],"First,":[92],"investigate":[94],"systematic":[96,138,206],"capabilities":[98,140],"Large":[100],"Language":[101],"Models":[102],"probing":[103],"them":[104],"on":[105,123,222],"simplification":[107,175],"nested":[109,177],"mathematical":[110,178],"formulas,":[111],"problem":[113],"reflects":[115],"key":[116],"properties":[117],"compositionality.":[119],"Our":[120],"experimental":[121],"results":[122],"Llama":[124],"2":[125],"GPT":[127],"models":[128],"reveal":[129],"while":[131,213],"scaling":[132],"LLMs":[133],"brings":[134],"some":[135],"improvements,":[136],"their":[137,225],"remain":[141],"limited,":[142],"even":[143],"specialized":[145],"prompting":[146],"methods":[147],"like":[148],"chain-of-thought":[149],"reasoning.":[150],"Second,":[151],"propose":[153],"neuro-symbolic":[155,211],"framework":[156,181],"designed":[157],"execute":[161],"convergent":[162],"term":[163],"rewriting":[164],"systems,":[165],"which":[166],"formally":[168],"describe":[169],"simple":[170],"algorithms":[171],"for":[172],"iterative":[174],"formulas.":[179],"is":[182],"implemented":[183],"two":[185],"variants:":[186],"NRS":[187],"FastNRS.":[189],"We":[190],"benchmark":[191],"implementations":[193],"against":[194],"Neural":[196],"Data":[197],"Router,":[198],"OpenAI\u2019s":[199],"GPT-4":[200],"o1-preview,":[202],"demonstrating":[203],"capability":[208],"approach,":[212],"critically":[214],"assessing":[215],"impact":[217],"choices":[221],"efficiency":[223],"limitations.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}