{"id":"https://openalex.org/W70443148","doi":null,"title":"The Basic Tools of Formal Ontology","display_name":"The Basic Tools of Formal Ontology","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W70443148","mag":"70443148"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.145.5477","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.145.5477","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/fois1998.pdf","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051216244","display_name":"Barry Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-116X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-116X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8303-4569"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Barry Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Philosophy and Center for Cognitive Science University at Buffalo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy and Center for Cognitive Science University at Buffalo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051216244"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2143,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80564003,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10258","display_name":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","score":0.5814999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10258","display_name":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","score":0.5814999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11592","display_name":"Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy","score":0.33180001378059387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13558","display_name":"Philosophy, Science, and History","score":0.03189999982714653,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-ontology","display_name":"formal ontology","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edmund-husserl","display_name":"Edmund Husserl","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/part-whole-relations","display_name":"part-whole relations","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individual-substance","display_name":"individual substance","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-investigations","display_name":"Logical Investigations","score":0.3089999854564667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7171428203582764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.6787441968917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.37355440855026245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0851249098777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.145.5477","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.145.5477","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/fois1998.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:70443148","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/fois1998.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306418438","display_name":"Formal Ontology in Information Systems","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Formal Ontology in Information Systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10868390","https://openalex.org/W581314551","https://openalex.org/W610557640","https://openalex.org/W1531373288","https://openalex.org/W1533244802","https://openalex.org/W1963829561","https://openalex.org/W1974871840","https://openalex.org/W1991183254","https://openalex.org/W2080293785","https://openalex.org/W2142359340","https://openalex.org/W2143320620","https://openalex.org/W2150831688","https://openalex.org/W2166187672"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1549852560","https://openalex.org/W2042322545","https://openalex.org/W51604323","https://openalex.org/W2002626038","https://openalex.org/W4211209268","https://openalex.org/W4312542365","https://openalex.org/W2017198086","https://openalex.org/W7098817651","https://openalex.org/W7005008526","https://openalex.org/W7047284323"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"term":[1],"\u2018formal":[2],"ontology":[3,57,98],"\u2019":[4],"was":[5],"first":[6],"used":[7],"by":[8],"the":[9,19,40,43,52,63,69,74,89,96,100,113],"philosopher":[10],"Edmund":[11],"Husserl":[12,49],"in":[13,39,50,86],"his":[14],"Logical":[15],"Investigations":[16],"to":[17,88],"signify":[18],"study":[20],"of":[21,31,42,55,65,71,76,91,95,99,103,108,112,115],"those":[22],"formal":[23,56,97],"structures":[24],"and":[25,33,67,73,79,106],"relations":[26,30],"\u2013":[27,35],"above":[28],"all":[29],"part":[32,66],"whole":[34],"which":[36],"are":[37,84],"exemplified":[38],"subject-matters":[41],"different":[44],"material":[45],"sciences.":[46],"We":[47],"follow":[48],"presenting":[51],"basic":[53,82],"concepts":[54,83],"as":[58],"falling":[59],"into":[60],"three":[61],"groups:":[62],"theory":[64,70,75],"whole,":[68],"dependence,":[72],"boundary,":[77],"continuity":[78],"contact.":[80],"These":[81],"presented":[85],"relation":[87],"problem":[90],"providing":[92,109],"an":[93,110],"account":[94,111],"mesoscopic":[101],"realm":[102],"everyday":[104],"experience,":[105],"specifically":[107],"concept":[114],"individual":[116],"substance.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}