{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7020460775","doi":null,"title":"The Long-Term Distributional and Welfare E?ects of Covid-19 School Closures","display_name":"The Long-Term Distributional and Welfare E?ects of Covid-19 School Closures","publication_year":null,"publication_date":null,"ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7020460775"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:pen:papers:20-032","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://economics.sas.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/filevault/20-032.pdf","pdf_url":"https://economics.sas.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/filevault/20-032.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009244859","display_name":"Nicola Fuchs\u2010Sch\u00fcndeln","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0941-0167","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0941-0167"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Fuchs-Schundeln","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026600751","display_name":"Dirk Krueger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0740-9197","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0740-9197"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dirk Krueger","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049262173","display_name":"Alexander Ludwig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1077-2085","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1077-2085"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Ludwig","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Irina Popova","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irina Popova","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11711","display_name":"COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts","score":0.4036000072956085,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11711","display_name":"COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts","score":0.4036000072956085,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.1754000037908554,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13084","display_name":"Education during COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.14990000426769257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19-school-closures","display_name":"COVID-19 school closures","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-human-capital","display_name":"child human capital","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earnings-losses","display_name":"earnings losses","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parental-time-investment","display_name":"parental time investment","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parental-education","display_name":"parental education","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-assets","display_name":"household assets","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-cycle-model","display_name":"life-cycle model","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributional-effects","display_name":"distributional effects","score":0.5849999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.8079000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940","display_name":"Earnings","level":2,"score":0.7807000279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100243477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Welfare","level":2,"score":0.7681000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7233999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779297142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276412","display_name":"Educational attainment","level":2,"score":0.6617000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781300812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178061","display_name":"Shock (circulatory)","level":2,"score":0.6496000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.5069000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5041999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.37439998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7386506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1036426","display_name":"Overlapping generations model","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777022163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7980969","display_name":"Welfare reform","level":3,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993075180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22687850","display_name":"Welfare system","level":3,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107645774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5467169","display_name":"Human resources","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.26510000228881836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:pen:papers:20-032","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://economics.sas.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/filevault/20-032.pdf","pdf_url":"https://economics.sas.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/filevault/20-032.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.5263000130653381,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.504800021648407,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4074000120162964,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3124394662","https://openalex.org/W3082138958","https://openalex.org/W4285550223","https://openalex.org/W6890063985","https://openalex.org/W3174730820","https://openalex.org/W3132121643","https://openalex.org/W4295226650","https://openalex.org/W4376456143","https://openalex.org/W3205668748","https://openalex.org/W4226198946"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"a":[1,72,97,196],"structural":[2],"life-cycle":[3],"model,":[4,33],"we":[5],"quantify":[6],"the":[7,14,32,47,57,65,81,89,101,118,130,134,147,174,178,182,186,189],"long-term":[8,66],"impact":[9,132,145,176],"of":[10,49,76,100,133,146,177,185],"school":[11,119,135,167],"closures":[12,120,168],"during":[13],"Corona":[15],"crisis":[16,148],"on":[17,69,149,181],"children":[18,70,113],"a?ected":[19],"at":[20,53,96,107],"di?erent":[21,28,54],"ages":[22],"and":[23,43,110,163],"coming":[24],"from":[25,71],"households":[26],"with":[27,40,157,159,188],"parental":[29,41,127],"characteristics.":[30],"In":[31],"public":[34],"investment":[35],"through":[36],"schooling":[37],"is":[38,152],"combined":[39],"time":[42],"resource":[44],"investments":[45],"in":[46,56,88],"production":[48,92],"child":[50],"human":[51,90],"capital":[52,91],"stages":[55],"children\u2019s":[58,150],"development":[59],"process.":[60],"We":[61,124],"quantitatively":[62],"characterize":[63],"both":[64],"earnings":[67],"consequences":[68],"Covid-19":[73,179],"induced":[74],"loss":[75],"schooling,":[77],"as":[78,80],"well":[79],"associated":[82],"welfare":[83,151,184],"losses.":[84],"Due":[85],"to":[86,193],"self-productivity":[87],"function,":[93],"skill":[94,105],"attainment":[95,106,162],"younger":[98,112],"stage":[99],"life":[102],"cycle":[103],"raises":[104],"later":[108],"stages,":[109],"thus":[111],"are":[114,170],"hurt":[115],"more":[116],"by":[117],"than":[121],"older":[122],"children.":[123],"?nd":[125],"that":[126],"reactions":[128],"reduce":[129],"negative":[131,144,175],"closures,":[136],"but":[137],"do":[138],"not":[139],"fully":[140],"o?set":[141],"it.":[142],"The":[143,166],"especially":[153],"severe":[154],"for":[155,173],"those":[156],"parents":[158,194],"low":[160,164],"educational":[161],"assets.":[165],"themselves":[169],"primarily":[171],"responsible":[172],"shock":[180,192],"long-run":[183],"children,":[187],"pandemic-induced":[190],"income":[191],"playing":[195],"secondary":[197],"role.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
