{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7020067632","doi":null,"title":"Investigating Comparisons Between Human Learning and Machine Learning Using the Dots and Boxes Game","display_name":"Investigating Comparisons Between Human Learning and Machine Learning Using the Dots and Boxes Game","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7020067632"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:etheses.dur.ac.uk:14435","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/14435/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402363","display_name":"Durham e-Theses (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://etheses.durham.ac.uk/id/eprint/14435/1/Final_Paper_Corrections.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"DAVIS, EMMA","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"DAVIS, EMMA","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.5756999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.5756999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.3621000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14381","display_name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health, Neuroscience","score":0.014999999664723873,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dots-and-boxes","display_name":"Dots and Boxes","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/q-learning","display_name":"Q-learning","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning-agents","display_name":"reinforcement learning agents","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/board-games","display_name":"board games","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prior-knowledge","display_name":"prior knowledge","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"generalization","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-making","display_name":"decision-making","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-1-and-system-2","display_name":"System 1 and System 2","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reward-sensitivity","display_name":"reward sensitivity","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity-to-punishment","display_name":"punishment sensitivity","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-reflection","display_name":"cognitive reflection","score":0.44600000977516174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6114000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5615000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5449000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.48510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.43230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188888258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353390","display_name":"Robot learning","level":4,"score":0.3303999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28006648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934509","display_name":"Multi-task learning","level":3,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992566924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q499210","display_name":"Animal learning","level":2,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146047270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q469666","display_name":"Human\u2013machine system","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10431821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510174","display_name":"Learning effect","level":2,"score":0.26429998874664307}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:etheses.dur.ac.uk:14435","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/14435/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402363","display_name":"Durham e-Theses (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"pmh:oai:etheses.durham.ac.uk:14435","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://etheses.durham.ac.uk/id/eprint/14435/1/Final_Paper_Corrections.pdf","pdf_url":"https://etheses.durham.ac.uk/id/eprint/14435/1/Final_Paper_Corrections.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402363","display_name":"Durham e-Theses (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:etheses.durham.ac.uk:14435","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://etheses.durham.ac.uk/id/eprint/14435/1/Final_Paper_Corrections.pdf","pdf_url":"https://etheses.durham.ac.uk/id/eprint/14435/1/Final_Paper_Corrections.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402363","display_name":"Durham e-Theses (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7020067632.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7020067632.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W613766092","https://openalex.org/W1825265211","https://openalex.org/W1901616594","https://openalex.org/W1989388297","https://openalex.org/W2001771035","https://openalex.org/W2017799486","https://openalex.org/W2025348850","https://openalex.org/W2040870580","https://openalex.org/W2046411892","https://openalex.org/W2060063672","https://openalex.org/W2074186680","https://openalex.org/W2080377093","https://openalex.org/W2084912121","https://openalex.org/W2086282622","https://openalex.org/W2107726111","https://openalex.org/W2116360511","https://openalex.org/W2117726420","https://openalex.org/W2118686230","https://openalex.org/W2119314959","https://openalex.org/W2131600418","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2159047538","https://openalex.org/W2166344210","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2394606514","https://openalex.org/W2794865245","https://openalex.org/W2902907165","https://openalex.org/W2911296969","https://openalex.org/W2949369413","https://openalex.org/W2963499965","https://openalex.org/W2969343193","https://openalex.org/W2982149240","https://openalex.org/W3113903219","https://openalex.org/W3198350258","https://openalex.org/W4213283813","https://openalex.org/W4250042789","https://openalex.org/W4296159956"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2789070602","https://openalex.org/W7110613519","https://openalex.org/W7002067453","https://openalex.org/W2013629723","https://openalex.org/W2977985568","https://openalex.org/W4411620164","https://openalex.org/W1978656335","https://openalex.org/W7097326497","https://openalex.org/W7018158115","https://openalex.org/W7160840745"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"From":[0],"its":[1,13],"origins,":[2],"machine":[3,17,50,65,164,191,209],"learning":[4,18,30,66,82,97,165,192],"has":[5],"drawn":[6],"inspiration":[7],"from":[8,22,149],"the":[9,27,32,43,74,96,122],"human":[10,23,48,103,160,196,207],"brain":[11],"and":[12,45,49,59,64,99,117,124,142,155,162,170,188,195,208],"thought":[14],"processes.":[15],"Despite":[16],"drawing":[19],"so":[20],"much":[21],"learning,":[24,51,161],"comparisons":[25,150,202],"of":[26,29,91,101],"progression":[28,98],"between":[31,47,190,206],"two":[33],"are":[34],"fraught":[35],"with":[36,87,175],"difficulties.":[37],"This":[38],"study":[39,128],"aims":[40],"to":[41,69,93,114,127,144,159,203],"explore":[42],"similarities":[44],"differences":[46],"using":[52],"a":[53],"perfect":[54],"information":[55],"board":[56],"game,":[57],"Dots":[58,123],"Boxes,":[60],"that":[61,131],"both":[62],"humans":[63],"agents":[67,83,166],"learn":[68],"play":[70],"by":[71],"training":[72],"against":[73,95],"same":[75],"\u2018box-greedy\u2019":[76],"policy":[77],"agent.":[78],"Three":[79],"q-learning":[80],"reinforcement":[81],"have":[84],"been":[85],"created":[86],"three":[88],"distinct":[89],"levels":[90],"strategy":[92,100,173,194],"compare":[94],"62":[102],"volunteers":[104],"developed":[105],"over":[106],"20":[107],"games":[108],"each.":[109],"Volunteers":[110],"were":[111],"also":[112],"asked":[113],"complete":[115],"BIS/BAS":[116],"CRT-MQC4":[118],"questionnaires":[119],"after":[120],"completing":[121],"Boxes":[125],"task":[126],"behavioural":[129,182],"metrics":[130,183],"affect":[132,184],"decision":[133,186],"making,":[134],"such":[135],"as":[136],"system":[137],"1":[138],"&":[139],"2":[140],"thinking":[141],"sensitivity":[143],"reward":[145],"or":[146],"punishment.":[147],"Results":[148],"show":[151],"how":[152,163,181],"important":[153],"context":[154],"prior":[156,176],"knowledge":[157],"is":[158],"can":[167],"generalise":[168],"better":[169],"reach":[171],"optimal":[172],"faster":[174],"knowledge.":[177],"Additional":[178],"observations":[179],"around":[180],"individual":[185],"making":[187],"correlations":[189],"agent":[193],"participant":[197],"data":[198],"allow":[199],"for":[200],"further":[201],"be":[204],"made":[205],"learning.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}