{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7018317192","doi":null,"title":"3D Bioprinting of Hydrogel Scaffold Skin Equivalents for Cosmetic and Drug Testing","display_name":"3D Bioprinting of Hydrogel Scaffold Skin Equivalents for Cosmetic and Drug Testing","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7018317192"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:open.clemson.edu:all_dissertations-4906","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://open.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/3863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196397","display_name":"TigerPrints (Clemson University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","host_organization_name":"Clemson University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"All Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039002084","display_name":"Allison Reno","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Reno, Allison","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039002084"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11190","display_name":"3D Printing in Biomedical Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11190","display_name":"3D Printing in Biomedical Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10343","display_name":"Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1313","display_name":"Molecular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12264","display_name":"Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-bioprinting","display_name":"3D bioprinting","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogel-scaffolds","display_name":"hydrogel scaffolds","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-equivalents","display_name":"skin equivalents","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extrusion-based-bioprinting","display_name":"extrusion-based bioprinting","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extracellular-matrix-mimicry","display_name":"extracellular matrix mimicry","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmetic-testing","display_name":"cosmetic testing","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-testing","display_name":"drug testing","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-engineering","display_name":"tissue engineering","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaffold-geometry","display_name":"scaffold geometry","score":0.3490000069141388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108887885","display_name":"Biofabrication","level":3,"score":0.8677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108586683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826","display_name":"Self-healing hydrogels","level":2,"score":0.7836999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89429830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735710","display_name":"Scaffold","level":2,"score":0.741599977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779718196","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17018741","display_name":"3D bioprinting","level":3,"score":0.6962000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49892992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540285","display_name":"Tissue engineering","level":2,"score":0.6575999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778958987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139143","display_name":"Extrusion","level":2,"score":0.5282999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524769229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367","display_name":"3D printing","level":2,"score":0.5231000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.44780001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019308078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367","display_name":"3d printed","level":2,"score":0.41990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4156000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779820397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392806","display_name":"Drug delivery","level":2,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984377249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367","display_name":"3d printer","level":2,"score":0.3034000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7535389","display_name":"Skin equivalent","level":4,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6648577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669","display_name":"Porosity","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171874014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1484779","display_name":"Microtechnology","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:open.clemson.edu:all_dissertations-4906","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://open.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/3863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196397","display_name":"TigerPrints (Clemson University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","host_organization_name":"Clemson University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"All Dissertations","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tissue":[0],"engineering":[1,218],"scaffolds":[2,281],"are":[3],"a":[4,100,237,293],"crucial":[5],"element":[6],"of":[7,20,31,40,70,75,99,106,119,135,209,215,244,260,277,280],"generating":[8],"larger":[9],"3D":[10,57,199,245,261,278,318],"tissue":[11,217,246,283,295],"equivalents":[12,263],"for":[13,96,122,147,221,228,236,242,264,267,282,292],"modeling":[14,265],"and":[15,35,46,59,103,124,158,172,185,191,207,231,234,239,269,285,302,307],"clinical":[16],"grafting.":[17],"Currently,":[18],"much":[19],"scaffold":[21,241],"technology":[22,252],"has":[23],"not":[24],"been":[25],"significantly":[26,202],"updated":[27],"since":[28],"the":[29,67,71,73,79,91,97,115,168,174,204,258,274,288,323],"introduction":[30],"manually":[32],"pipetted":[33],"hydrogels":[34,83,219],"electrospun":[36],"fiber":[37],"scaffolds.":[38,212],"Both":[39],"these":[41,251],"approaches":[42],"have":[43,173],"their":[44,162],"advantages":[45,289],"disadvantages,":[47],"but":[48],"neither":[49],"utilize":[50],"emerging":[51],"biofabrication":[52],"techniques":[53],"such":[54],"as":[55,223],"advanced":[56,104,138,150,198,240],"bioprinting":[58,76],"plotting.":[60],"In":[61,248],"addition":[62],"to":[63,81,114,128,133,160,167,176,257,314,322],"more":[64,286],"precision":[65],"in":[66,297],"outer":[68,92,305],"geometries":[69],"scaffold,":[72],"use":[74,214,222],"also":[77],"introduces":[78],"ability":[80,175],"shape":[82],"into":[84,180],"very":[85,149,181,320],"intricate":[86,102],"porous":[87,117],"inner":[88,308],"patterns":[89],"within":[90,211],"geometries.":[93],"This":[94],"allows":[95,227],"design":[98],"highly":[101,112],"network":[105],"ECM":[107],"like":[108],"material":[109],"that":[110,129,193],"is":[111],"similar":[113,127,321],"real":[116],"environment":[118],"tissues,":[120],"allowing":[121],"gas":[123],"nutrient":[125],"exchange":[126],"which":[130],"occurs":[131],"due":[132],"microvasculature":[134],"tissues.":[136],"Additionally,":[137],"temperature-controlled":[139],"extrusion":[140,200],"bioprinters":[141,201],"with":[142,197],"UV":[143,178,224],"cure":[144,225],"capabilities":[145],"allow":[146],"utilizing":[148],"hydrogel":[151],"materials.":[152],"These":[153],"materials":[154,192],"can":[155,194,310],"be":[156,177,195,255,312],"designed":[157],"tailored":[159],"maximize":[161],"mechanical":[163],"properties,":[164],"adhesion,":[165,205],"similarity":[166],"natural":[169],"ECM/basement":[170],"membrane,":[171],"cured":[179],"intricate,":[182],"high":[183],"resolution,":[184],"detailed":[186],"prints.":[187],"The":[188,213],"unique":[189],"shapes":[190],"utilized":[196],"improves":[203],"proliferation,":[206],"viability":[208],"cells":[210],"common":[216],"modified":[220],"bioinks":[226],"precise":[229],"printing":[230,279],"simple":[232],"seeding":[233],"growth":[235],"robust":[238],"generation":[243],"equivalents.":[247],"this":[249,298],"dissertation,":[250],"advancements":[253],"will":[254],"applied":[256],"advancement":[259],"skin":[262,266,300],"cosmetic":[268],"drug":[270],"testing.":[271],"Demonstrating":[272],"both":[273],"general":[275],"efficacy":[276],"engineering,":[284],"specifically,":[287],"when":[290],"designing":[291],"specific":[294],"model,":[296],"case":[299],"equivalents,":[301],"how":[303],"materials,":[304],"geometry,":[306],"geometry":[309],"all":[311],"customized":[313],"produce":[315],"an":[316],"excellent":[317],"model":[319],"native":[324],"tissue.":[325]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
