{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7015541788","doi":null,"title":"Total cost of ownership (TCO) analysis of bidirectional electric vehicle fleets in the German commercial sector An integration into the eFlame optimisation model","display_name":"Total cost of ownership (TCO) analysis of bidirectional electric vehicle fleets in the German commercial sector An integration into the eFlame optimisation model","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7015541788"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-035632345","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:1028-969","pdf_url":"https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-hswt/files/96/Jordan_Masters_Thesis.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Hochschulschrift"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-hswt/files/96/Jordan_Masters_Thesis.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jordan, Mario","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jordan, Mario","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039374687","display_name":"Andreas Zeiselmair","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7496-6671","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7496-6671"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I309496635","display_name":"Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00gzkxz88","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I309496635"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeiselmair, Andreas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Landscape Architecture","Department of Sustainable Agriculture and Energy Systems Climate Change Management master's degree programme Weihenstephan-Triesdorf -University of Applied Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Landscape Architecture","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sustainable Agriculture and Energy Systems Climate Change Management master's degree programme Weihenstephan-Triesdorf -University of Applied Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I309496635"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035818571","display_name":"Florian Biedenbach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1192-7554","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1192-7554"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I309496635","display_name":"Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00gzkxz88","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I309496635"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biedenbach, Florian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sustainable Agriculture and Energy Systems Climate Change Management master's degree programme Weihenstephan-Triesdorf -University of Applied Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sustainable Agriculture and Energy Systems Climate Change Management master's degree programme Weihenstephan-Triesdorf -University of Applied Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I309496635"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104185618","display_name":"Valentin Preis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Preis, Valentin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-cost-of-ownership","display_name":"total cost of ownership","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-charging","display_name":"bidirectional charging","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle-fleet","display_name":"electric vehicle fleet","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-commercial-vehicles","display_name":"electric commercial vehicles","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-electric-trucks","display_name":"battery electric trucks","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-to-grid","display_name":"vehicle-to-grid","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peak-shaving","display_name":"peak shaving","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-degradation","display_name":"battery degradation","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual-value","display_name":"residual value","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stationary-battery-storage","display_name":"stationary battery storage","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charging-strategies","display_name":"charging strategies","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy-integration","display_name":"renewable energy integration","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fleet-management","display_name":"fleet management","score":0.5400000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778434605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2445479","display_name":"Total cost of ownership","level":2,"score":0.8163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6735000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5471000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.5303999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778813691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369832","display_name":"Purchasing","level":2,"score":0.5232999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.49140000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.4596000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.4058000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182299520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289588","display_name":"Total cost","level":2,"score":0.38929998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3878999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157062255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035697","display_name":"Capital cost","level":2,"score":0.3837999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172497479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302208","display_name":"Capital expenditure","level":2,"score":0.3783000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18785705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931373","display_name":"Scenario analysis","level":2,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30600047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7828141","display_name":"Total revenue","level":3,"score":0.3513000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777819126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1326624","display_name":"Electric utility","level":2,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776962539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6472078","display_name":"Lagging","level":2,"score":0.33550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778820799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454688","display_name":"Cost reduction","level":2,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779136927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900762","display_name":"Electric-vehicle battery","level":4,"score":0.33180001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11644782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15401790","display_name":"Cost efficiency","level":2,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110069716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076882","display_name":"Battery electric vehicle","level":4,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777908891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806775","display_name":"Load profile","level":3,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780945871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194274","display_name":"Backup","level":2,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95821633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q973302","display_name":"Cost driver","level":2,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777767291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1080291","display_name":"Sizing","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778964270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7097774","display_name":"Operational efficiency","level":2,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129361004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2470236","display_name":"Profitability index","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-035632345","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:1028-969","pdf_url":"https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-hswt/files/96/Jordan_Masters_Thesis.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Hochschulschrift"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-035632345","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:1028-969","pdf_url":"https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-hswt/files/96/Jordan_Masters_Thesis.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Hochschulschrift"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"score":0.9853000044822693,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"score":0.9786999821662903,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"score":0.7250000238418579,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7015541788.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7015541788.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3125788591","https://openalex.org/W3200713122","https://openalex.org/W3215343707","https://openalex.org/W4232493593","https://openalex.org/W4378648121","https://openalex.org/W4385123314","https://openalex.org/W4392162136","https://openalex.org/W4402614934","https://openalex.org/W6963199170"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4401194029","https://openalex.org/W7119452160","https://openalex.org/W6908120972","https://openalex.org/W7124374584","https://openalex.org/W7082988304","https://openalex.org/W7202206212","https://openalex.org/W2990843042","https://openalex.org/W4412950919","https://openalex.org/W3151870821","https://openalex.org/W2309468077"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,191,218,247],"decarbonization":[1],"of":[2,43,63,116,135,146,156,214,310,319,331],"the":[3,16,24,41,77,121,132,144,154,185,212,254,307,328],"transportation":[4],"sector":[5],"is":[6,50,161,188],"critical":[7],"for":[8,79,99,107,139,148,211,339],"achieving":[9],"climate":[10],"neutrality":[11],"targets":[12],"in":[13,23,151,182,288,345],"Germany":[14],"and":[15,36,61,73,91,165,179,202,227,234,238,266,292,316,335,342],"European":[17],"Union.":[18],"Battery":[19,83],"electric":[20,84,141],"vehicles,":[21],"particularly":[22,96],"commercial":[25,140],"sector,":[26],"play":[27],"a":[28,113,157,171,208,221,337],"key":[29],"role":[30],"due":[31],"to":[32,52,130,195,199,284,290],"their":[33,87],"high":[34],"efficiency":[35],"emission":[37],"reduction":[38],"potential.":[39],"As":[40],"share":[42],"fluctuating":[44],"renewable":[45],"energies":[46],"increases,":[47],"greater":[48],"flexibility":[49,69],"needed":[51],"ensure":[53],"grid":[54,81],"stability.":[55],"Bidirectional":[56],"charging,":[57,312],"enabling":[58],"both":[59,231],"charging":[60,137,252,276,333],"discharging":[62],"vehicle":[64],"batteries,":[65],"can":[66,277],"provide":[67],"such":[68],"by":[70,262],"balancing":[71],"supply":[72],"demand,":[74],"thereby":[75],"reducing":[76,263],"need":[78],"costly":[80],"expansion.":[82],"trucks,":[85],"with":[86],"large":[88],"battery":[89,268,280],"capacities":[90],"predictable":[92],"usage":[93],"patterns,":[94],"are":[95,323],"well":[97],"suited":[98],"these":[100,301],"applications,":[101],"simultaneously":[102],"offering":[103],"additional":[104],"revenue":[105],"opportunities":[106],"fleet":[108,152,346],"operators.":[109],"This":[110,325],"thesis":[111],"integrates":[112],"Total":[114],"Cost":[115],"Ownership":[117],"(TCO)":[118],"analysis":[119,160,187],"into":[120,175],"eFlame":[122],"(Electric":[123],"Flexibility":[124],"Assessment":[125],"Modeling":[126],"Environment)":[127],"optimisation":[128],"model":[129,192],"evaluate":[131],"economic":[133,329],"impacts":[134],"different":[136],"strategies":[138,334],"fleets.":[142],"Given":[143],"significance":[145],"TCO":[147,159,186],"purchasing":[149],"decisions":[150],"operations,":[153],"integration":[155],"comprehensive":[158],"essential.":[162,324],"Relevant":[163],"capital":[164],"operational":[166],"expenditures":[167,265],"were":[168],"identified":[169],"through":[170],"literature":[172],"review,":[173],"structured":[174],"an":[176,196],"influence":[177],"diagram,":[178],"subsequently":[180],"implemented":[181],"MATLAB,":[183],"where":[184],"carried":[189],"out.":[190],"was":[193,216],"linked":[194],"SQL-based":[197],"database":[198],"enable":[200],"flexible":[201,332],"automated":[203],"scenario":[204,223],"analysis.":[205],"In":[206],"addition,":[207],"standardized":[209],"method":[210],"visualisation":[213],"results":[215,248],"developed.":[217],"study":[219],"defines":[220],"base":[222],"incorporating":[224],"peak":[225],"shaving":[226],"PV":[228],"self-optimisation":[229],"\u2013":[230,237],"already":[232],"technically":[233],"legally":[235],"feasible":[236],"develops":[239],"sensitivity":[240],"analyses":[241],"based":[242],"on":[243],"targeted":[244],"parameter":[245],"variations.":[246],"show":[249],"that":[250],"bidirectional":[251,275,311],"achieves":[253],"lowest":[255],"TCO,":[256],"despite":[257],"higher":[258],"initial":[259],"infrastructure":[260],"costs,":[261],"energy":[264],"mitigating":[267],"degradation,":[269],"thus":[270],"increasing":[271],"residual":[272],"values.":[273],"Additionally,":[274],"substitute":[278],"stationary":[279],"storage":[281],"systems,":[282],"leading":[283],"further":[285,340],"cost":[286],"reductions":[287],"comparison":[289],"uncontrolled":[291],"controlled":[293],"charging.":[294],"Future":[295],"vehicle-to-grid":[296],"(V2G)":[297],"applications":[298],"could":[299],"enhance":[300],"benefits":[302],"even":[303],"further.":[304],"To":[305],"realize":[306],"full":[308],"potential":[309],"continued":[313],"political":[314],"support":[315],"regulatory":[317],"facilitation":[318],"V2G":[320],"use":[321],"cases":[322],"work":[326],"underscores":[327],"value":[330],"provides":[336],"foundation":[338],"research":[341],"practical":[343],"implementation":[344],"management.":[347]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}