{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7014876447","doi":null,"title":"Re-thinking large scale hate speech identification: beyond common NLP conventions and supervised machine learning","display_name":"Re-thinking large scale hate speech identification: beyond common NLP conventions and supervised machine learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7014876447"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.tdx.cat:10803/688156","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10803/688156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401111","display_name":"Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210090028","host_organization_name":"Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090028"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7014876447"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10803/688156","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Teixeira Fortuna, Paula Cristina","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Teixeira Fortuna, Paula Cristina","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hate-speech-detection","display_name":"hate speech detection","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-hate-speech","display_name":"online hate speech","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inter-annotator-agreement","display_name":"inter-annotator agreement","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dataset-quality","display_name":"dataset quality","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evaluation-indicators","display_name":"evaluation metrics","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"benchmarking","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-generalization","display_name":"model generalization","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-dependence","display_name":"context sensitivity","score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"supervised learning","score":0.460999995470047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6904000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6376000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4763999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4650999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.43149998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.4025000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.35030001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3353999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.321399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983448237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Language understanding","level":2,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204201278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332614","display_name":"Voice activity detection","level":3,"score":0.2635999917984009}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:www.tdx.cat:10803/688156","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10803/688156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401111","display_name":"Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210090028","host_organization_name":"Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090028"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositori-api.upf.edu:10230/56579","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10803/688156","pdf_url":"https://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/10803/688156/1/tpctf.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402615","display_name":"Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170486558","host_organization_name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170486558"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.tdx.cat:10803/688156","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10803/688156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401111","display_name":"Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210090028","host_organization_name":"Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090028"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323642","display_name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/045b9pr88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7014876447.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7014876447.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2912108486","https://openalex.org/W3112501082","https://openalex.org/W3125488517","https://openalex.org/W3174776628"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385573793","https://openalex.org/W4392773400","https://openalex.org/W4413980260","https://openalex.org/W3209706435","https://openalex.org/W6912957883","https://openalex.org/W4394064923","https://openalex.org/W2969662548","https://openalex.org/W7026944459","https://openalex.org/W4394616033","https://openalex.org/W7046343789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"detection":[1,33],"of":[2,51,65,106],"hate":[3,31,81,155],"speech":[4,32,82],"in":[5,41,100,119,135],"online":[6,154],"spaces":[7],"is":[8,83],"traditionally":[9],"conceptualized":[10],"as":[11,55,69],"a":[12,56,84],"classification":[13],"task":[14,34],"that":[15,90,116,132,148],"uses":[16],"Machine":[17],"Learning":[18],"(ML)-driven":[19],"Natural":[20],"Language":[21],"Processing":[22],"(NLP)":[23],"techniques.":[24],"In":[25],"accordance":[26],"with":[27],"this":[28],"conceptualization,":[29],"the":[30,52,63,104,107,127,141],"relies":[35],"upon":[36],"common":[37],"conventions":[38,134],"and":[39,45,62,74,87,94,103,143],"practices":[40],"Artificial":[42],"Intelligence,":[43],"ML":[44],"NLP":[46,136],"\u2013":[47],"among":[48],"them":[49],"interpretation":[50],"inter-annotator":[53],"agreement":[54],"way":[57],"to":[58,76,109,145],"measure":[59],"dataset":[60],"quality":[61],"use":[64],"standard":[66],"metrics":[67],"such":[68,92],"precision,":[70],"recall":[71],"or":[72],"accuracy":[73],"benchmarks":[75],"assess":[77],"model":[78],"performance.":[79],"However,":[80],"highly":[85],"subjective":[86],"context-dependent":[88],"notion":[89],"eludes":[91],"static":[93],"disembodied":[95],"practices.":[96],"Their":[97],"application":[98],"results":[99],"definitorial":[101],"challenges":[102],"failure":[105],"models":[108],"generalize":[110],"across":[111],"different":[112],"datasets,":[113],"two":[114],"problems":[115],"I":[117,123,130],"analyse":[118],"empirical":[120],"studies.":[121],"Furthermore,":[122],"critically":[124],"reflect":[125],"on":[126],"followed":[128],"methodologies.":[129],"argue":[131],"many":[133],"are":[137,149],"poorly":[138],"suited":[139],"for":[140,152],"problem":[142],"suggest":[144],"develop":[146],"methods":[147],"more":[150],"appropriate":[151],"fighting":[153],"speech.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}