{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7014309289","doi":null,"title":"Perceptions of ability and affect as a function of smiling and gender","display_name":"Perceptions of ability and affect as a function of smiling and gender","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7014309289"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.umass.edu:dissertations-8169","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9207368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402240","display_name":"ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","host_organization_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Doctoral Dissertations Available from Proquest","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069790109","display_name":"Carolyn Shaw Brown","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brown, Carolyn Shaw","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069790109"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.2371000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.2371000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.2224999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.1615000069141388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smile","display_name":"smiling","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expressions","display_name":"facial expressions","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceived-competence","display_name":"perceived competence","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affective-assessment","display_name":"affective evaluation","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impression-formation","display_name":"impression formation","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workplace-perceptions","display_name":"workplace perceptions","score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-stereotypes","display_name":"gender stereotypes","score":0.39100000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7883999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777716012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318389","display_name":"Dyad","level":2,"score":0.7383000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7085999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.703499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5181000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129484327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177603","display_name":"Social perception","level":3,"score":0.46230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992886853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18381816","display_name":"Post hoc","level":2,"score":0.4375999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.41830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130064352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relation","level":2,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161657702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529895","display_name":"Face perception","level":3,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781403550","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2672163","display_name":"Gender role","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987946170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relationship","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991839931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48264","display_name":"Gender identity","level":2,"score":0.24690000712871552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778868352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866081","display_name":"Femininity","level":2,"score":0.23489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776141551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000087","display_name":"Emotion perception","level":3,"score":0.23319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017941357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831725","display_name":"Social function","level":2,"score":0.23250000178813934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168127410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754331","display_name":"Stereotype (UML)","level":2,"score":0.20909999310970306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.2070000022649765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777359053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2463823","display_name":"Face-to-face","level":2,"score":0.20020000636577606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776587543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850171","display_name":"Job interview","level":2,"score":0.19329999387264252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178233286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q645999","display_name":"Social comparison theory","level":2,"score":0.19099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92811239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20998670","display_name":"Expressivity","level":2,"score":0.18400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530175646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11460","display_name":"Clothing","level":2,"score":0.1826000064611435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145633318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207125","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","level":2,"score":0.18240000307559967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4994750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1210504","display_name":"Impression management","level":2,"score":0.1817999929189682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777410049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1860557","display_name":"Self-concept","level":2,"score":0.18119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91034043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223642","display_name":"Interpersonal relationship","level":2,"score":0.1809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018726217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2672163","display_name":"Gender relations","level":2,"score":0.17970000207424164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17822864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6007588","display_name":"Impression formation","level":4,"score":0.17399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993245651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570691","display_name":"Adaptive functioning","level":2,"score":0.17309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.1657000035047531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778968331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000465","display_name":"Interpersonal perception","level":4,"score":0.16410000622272491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143299363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900584","display_name":"Attribution","level":2,"score":0.1624000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1792644","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","level":2,"score":0.15839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86658582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432778","display_name":"Social cognition","level":3,"score":0.15800000727176666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174954385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206740","display_name":"Job performance","level":3,"score":0.15569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q523747","display_name":"Expressed emotion","level":2,"score":0.15309999883174896}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.umass.edu:dissertations-8169","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9207368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402240","display_name":"ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","host_organization_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Doctoral Dissertations Available from Proquest","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6025999784469604,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2966565495","https://openalex.org/W7111533953","https://openalex.org/W2033632129","https://openalex.org/W2003105693","https://openalex.org/W2051091721","https://openalex.org/W2157504821","https://openalex.org/W2045543094","https://openalex.org/W6887727858","https://openalex.org/W1971394789","https://openalex.org/W2113829728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Perceptions":[0],"of":[1,7,22,32,39,43,56,90,133,139,150],"people":[2],"on-the-job":[3],"as":[4,105,109],"a":[5],"function":[6],"smiling":[8,53,61,87,147],"and":[9,15,24,59,80,108,117,129,140,151],"gender":[10,97],"were":[11,103,119,143],"examined.":[12],"Forty":[13],"male":[14],"forty":[16],"female":[17],"undergraduate":[18],"students":[19],"viewed":[20],"slides":[21,58],"same-":[23],"mixed-gender":[25],"confederate":[26],"dyads":[27],"taken":[28],"at":[29],"their":[30],"places":[31],"work.":[33],"On":[34],"each":[35,68],"slide,":[36,69],"the":[37,44,57,63,134],"face":[38,51],"only":[40],"one":[41],"member":[42],"dyad":[45],"could":[46],"be":[47,122],"seen.":[48],"The":[49],"visible":[50],"was":[52,98],"in":[54,62,73],"half":[55],"not":[60],"other":[64],"half.":[65],"After":[66],"viewing":[67],"subjects":[70],"completed":[71],"questionnaires":[72],"which":[74],"they":[75],"rated":[76],"confederates'":[77,91],"ability,":[78],"affect,":[79],"presumed":[81],"job":[82],"level.":[83],"Contrary":[84],"to":[85,121],"expectations,":[86,96],"increased":[88],"evaluations":[89,138,149],"ability.":[92],"In":[93],"accordance":[94],"with":[95],"an":[99],"influential":[100],"variable;":[101],"males":[102,153],"seen":[104],"more":[106,123,144],"able":[107],"holding":[110],"higher":[111],"level":[112],"jobs":[113],"than":[114,125,148],"females":[115,118,142],"overall,":[116],"judged":[120],"considerate":[124],"males.":[126],"Further,":[127],"interactions":[128],"post":[130],"hoc":[131],"analyses":[132],"means":[135],"indicated":[136],"that":[137],"by":[141,146,152],"influenced":[145],"were.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
