{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7011798488","doi":null,"title":"The Nonmachinables: Asymptotic Labor and the Political Economy of Contemporary Information-Processing Systems","display_name":"The Nonmachinables: Asymptotic Labor and the Political Economy of Contemporary Information-Processing Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7011798488"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0r78w2tn","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0r78w2tn","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt0r78w2tn/qt0r78w2tn.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt0r78w2tn/qt0r78w2tn.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071293250","display_name":"Brian Justie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0825-4200","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0825-4200"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Justie, Brian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071293250"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12501","display_name":"Digital Economy and Work Transformation","score":0.6352999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12501","display_name":"Digital Economy and Work Transformation","score":0.6352999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13308","display_name":"Cybernetics and Technology in Society","score":0.121799997985363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.09440000355243683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/captcha","display_name":"CAPTCHA","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recaptcha","display_name":"reCAPTCHA","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/person-verification","display_name":"human verification","score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybersecurity","display_name":"cybersecurity","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"machine learning","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value-capture","display_name":"value capture","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiotics","display_name":"semiotics","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning-making","display_name":"meaning-making","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states-postal-service","display_name":"United States Postal Service","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postal-workers","display_name":"postal workers","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-infrastructure","display_name":"digital infrastructure","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"artificial intelligence","score":0.4309999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.491100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203043789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138461","display_name":"Digital economy","level":2,"score":0.48489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.47290000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.45590001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.436599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.40689998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.384799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179454799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132151","display_name":"Ethnography","level":2,"score":0.367900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.36059999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3517000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139997677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60195","display_name":"Semiotics","level":2,"score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31168002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1667430","display_name":"International political economy","level":3,"score":0.3091000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68991459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11700776","display_name":"Value proposition","level":2,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780243397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5128011","display_name":"Class analysis","level":3,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778746772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16251440","display_name":"Coproduction","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780139300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1935127","display_name":"Exchange value","level":3,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937824","display_name":"Human intelligence","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777690665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3492519","display_name":"New political economy","level":3,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133425853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571","display_name":"Neoclassical economics","level":1,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778651285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q927892","display_name":"Moral economy","level":3,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127627568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639361","display_name":"Sociotechnical system","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107645774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5467169","display_name":"Human resources","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39387531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096708","display_name":"Metatheory","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.25200000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63063934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079747","display_name":"Embeddedness","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779544567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7621877","display_name":"Strategist","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0r78w2tn","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0r78w2tn","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt0r78w2tn/qt0r78w2tn.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0r78w2tn","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0r78w2tn","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt0r78w2tn/qt0r78w2tn.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7011798488.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7011798488.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W613766092","https://openalex.org/W1479681406","https://openalex.org/W1529679142","https://openalex.org/W1567048812","https://openalex.org/W1583950051","https://openalex.org/W1603565383","https://openalex.org/W1974008446","https://openalex.org/W1995341919","https://openalex.org/W1995973744","https://openalex.org/W1996782160","https://openalex.org/W1998272655","https://openalex.org/W2001771035","https://openalex.org/W2005814556","https://openalex.org/W2022710553","https://openalex.org/W2035683813","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2064936870","https://openalex.org/W2065077271","https://openalex.org/W2072410439","https://openalex.org/W2080942732","https://openalex.org/W2084341220","https://openalex.org/W2090615758","https://openalex.org/W2095270559","https://openalex.org/W2099256741","https://openalex.org/W2100232516","https://openalex.org/W2108290480","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2141282920","https://openalex.org/W2144701020","https://openalex.org/W2144888891","https://openalex.org/W2158083516","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2312301088","https://openalex.org/W2605178705","https://openalex.org/W2759461729","https://openalex.org/W2767199627","https://openalex.org/W2807314910","https://openalex.org/W2888738098","https://openalex.org/W2889853714","https://openalex.org/W2900461971","https://openalex.org/W2913419753","https://openalex.org/W2916589774","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2968006303","https://openalex.org/W2971812304","https://openalex.org/W2974023750","https://openalex.org/W3030163527","https://openalex.org/W3043339240","https://openalex.org/W3096172915","https://openalex.org/W3107416342","https://openalex.org/W3108791473","https://openalex.org/W3127622961","https://openalex.org/W3128869811","https://openalex.org/W3189885080","https://openalex.org/W4214884488","https://openalex.org/W4231391299","https://openalex.org/W4232447131","https://openalex.org/W4236348444","https://openalex.org/W4241378690","https://openalex.org/W4243164856"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4311331175","https://openalex.org/W7171729091","https://openalex.org/W7080581465","https://openalex.org/W7120674996","https://openalex.org/W7217263709","https://openalex.org/W3108590730","https://openalex.org/W6991150793","https://openalex.org/W1530216031","https://openalex.org/W7132564339","https://openalex.org/W7128677328"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"introduces":[2],"the":[3,13,30,40,47,58,93,100,107,111,137,145,155,180,187,192,197,204,214],"concept":[4],"of":[5,16,33,51,62,70,79,87,96,103,114,139,147,166,173,177,191,208,217],"\u201casymptotic":[6],"labor\u201d":[7],"through":[8],"three":[9],"case":[10],"studies":[11],"examining":[12],"political":[14],"economy":[15],"contemporary":[17],"information-processing":[18,150,210],"systems.":[19,121],"It":[20],"aims":[21],"to":[22,29],"contribute":[23],"additional":[24],"historical":[25],"and":[26,60,64,82,109,141,200,206],"theoretical":[27],"perspective":[28],"strong":[31],"foundation":[32],"existing":[34],"critical":[35,68],"research":[36],"that":[37,44,117,157,203,219],"has":[38],"revealed":[39],"\u201chidden\u201d":[41],"human":[42,81],"workforce":[43],"props":[45],"up":[46],"vast":[48],"digital":[49],"infrastructure":[50],"artificial":[52,104],"intelligence.":[53],"The":[54,85,122],"first":[55],"chapter":[56,124],"chronicles":[57],"design":[59],"development":[61,205],"CAPTCHA":[63,88],"reCAPTCHA,":[65],"suggesting":[66],"a":[67,133,163,174],"periodization":[69],"these":[71,119,148,209],"cybersecurity":[72],"systems":[73,211],"based":[74],"on":[75,126,213],"their":[76,223],"different":[77],"methods":[78,113],"validating":[80],"nonhuman":[83],"users.":[84],"evolution":[86],"is":[89],"deeply":[90],"intertwined":[91],"with":[92],"rapid":[94],"ascendance":[95],"machine":[97],"learning":[98],"as":[99,132,152,154],"dominant":[101],"form":[102],"intelligence":[105],"in":[106,162,222],"mid-2000s,":[108],"presages":[110],"emergent":[112],"value":[115,142],"capture":[116],"undergird":[118],"data-intensive":[120],"next":[123],"builds":[125],"this":[127],"latter":[128],"premise,":[129],"utilizing":[130],"semiotics":[131],"method":[134],"for":[135],"dissecting":[136],"mechanisms":[138],"meaning-making":[140],"production":[143],"at":[144,179],"core":[146],"complex":[149],"systems,":[151],"well":[153],"ways":[156],"they":[158],"have":[159,212],"become":[160],"implicated":[161],"broader":[164],"set":[165],"political-economic":[167],"conditions.":[168],"Finally,":[169],"an":[170],"ethnographic":[171],"account":[172],"specialized":[175],"class":[176],"workers":[178],"United":[181],"States":[182],"Postal":[183],"Service":[184],"ties":[185],"together":[186],"more":[188],"theoretically-laden":[189],"arguments":[190],"preceding":[193],"chapters":[194],"by":[195],"demonstrating":[196],"social,":[198],"political,":[199],"material":[201],"implications":[202],"implementation":[207],"dwindling":[215],"number":[216],"humans":[218],"remain":[220],"embroiled":[221],"continuing":[224],"operations.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}