{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7005049055","doi":null,"title":"Past, present, and future climate impacts of aviation","display_name":"Past, present, and future climate impacts of aviation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7005049055"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/154000","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/154000","pdf_url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/154000/1/Grobler-carlau-phd-AeroAstro-2023-thesis.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/154000/1/Grobler-carlau-phd-AeroAstro-2023-thesis.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028427863","display_name":"Carla Grobler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5087-027X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5087-027X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Grobler, Carla","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028427863"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11524","display_name":"Advanced Aircraft Design and Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11524","display_name":"Advanced Aircraft Design and Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12126","display_name":"Maritime Transport Emissions and Efficiency","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commercial-aviation","display_name":"commercial aviation","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aviation-emissions","display_name":"aviation emissions","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottom-up-emission-inventories","display_name":"bottom-up emission inventories","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrail-radiative-forcing","display_name":"contrail radiative forcing","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effective-radiative-forcing","display_name":"effective radiative forcing","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-co2-emissions","display_name":"non-CO2 emissions","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrogen-oxides","display_name":"nitrogen oxides","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particulate-emissions","display_name":"particulate emissions","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/available-seat-miles","display_name":"available seat-miles","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net-zero-aviation","display_name":"net-zero aviation","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aviation-decarbonization","display_name":"aviation decarbonization","score":0.6510000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99578197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1463606","display_name":"Radiative forcing","level":3,"score":0.7835999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7542999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.6836000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74448152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765633","display_name":"Aviation","level":2,"score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.6157000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.4413999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.41920000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512918668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206814","display_name":"Civil aviation","level":3,"score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.4097000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.38109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115343472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Global warming","level":3,"score":0.3797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777381055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308922","display_name":"Damages","level":2,"score":0.37720000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.3682999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197115733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003136","display_name":"Forcing (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126314574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364111","display_name":"Air quality index","level":2,"score":0.3391000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24245907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498957","display_name":"Particulates","level":2,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168754636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920","display_name":"Climate model","level":3,"score":0.33219999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559116025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollution","level":2,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776720842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337883","display_name":"Emission inventory","level":3,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019581552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424418","display_name":"Nitrogen oxides","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114990195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430548","display_name":"Effects of global warming","level":4,"score":0.26170000433921814}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/154000","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/154000","pdf_url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/154000/1/Grobler-carlau-phd-AeroAstro-2023-thesis.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/154000","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/154000","pdf_url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/154000/1/Grobler-carlau-phd-AeroAstro-2023-thesis.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":1.0,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7005049055.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7005049055.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":164,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W100464641","https://openalex.org/W133445236","https://openalex.org/W752682158","https://openalex.org/W1549220217","https://openalex.org/W1555529558","https://openalex.org/W1557950900","https://openalex.org/W1560794582","https://openalex.org/W1601917856","https://openalex.org/W1602631142","https://openalex.org/W1853443938","https://openalex.org/W1862105058","https://openalex.org/W1888407210","https://openalex.org/W1915061551","https://openalex.org/W1959437842","https://openalex.org/W1969409372","https://openalex.org/W1970066728","https://openalex.org/W1972518787","https://openalex.org/W1974851942","https://openalex.org/W1979696268","https://openalex.org/W1986259363","https://openalex.org/W1990831891","https://openalex.org/W1991308688","https://openalex.org/W1991366698","https://openalex.org/W1992832350","https://openalex.org/W1998587025","https://openalex.org/W2002564232","https://openalex.org/W2004627353","https://openalex.org/W2008273156","https://openalex.org/W2012080938","https://openalex.org/W2014760199","https://openalex.org/W2015759279","https://openalex.org/W2017900025","https://openalex.org/W2021700786","https://openalex.org/W2022934311","https://openalex.org/W2023168822","https://openalex.org/W2025470021","https://openalex.org/W2033101065","https://openalex.org/W2034490895","https://openalex.org/W2043052177","https://openalex.org/W2043305610","https://openalex.org/W2046096048","https://openalex.org/W2046376516","https://openalex.org/W2050651438","https://openalex.org/W2054653365","https://openalex.org/W2054776576","https://openalex.org/W2060215487","https://openalex.org/W2061722439","https://openalex.org/W2066595000","https://openalex.org/W2068422092","https://openalex.org/W2068862870","https://openalex.org/W2068888756","https://openalex.org/W2071604072","https://openalex.org/W2076433870","https://openalex.org/W2078302661","https://openalex.org/W2080740827","https://openalex.org/W2080811170","https://openalex.org/W2083339292","https://openalex.org/W2084654674","https://openalex.org/W2086968637","https://openalex.org/W2096580230","https://openalex.org/W2096880772","https://openalex.org/W2097270364","https://openalex.org/W2098489838","https://openalex.org/W2101909591","https://openalex.org/W2101924952","https://openalex.org/W2102706343","https://openalex.org/W2109459345","https://openalex.org/W2111807168","https://openalex.org/W2114099804","https://openalex.org/W2116063627","https://openalex.org/W2116972412","https://openalex.org/W2119383020","https://openalex.org/W2123886843","https://openalex.org/W2133484165","https://openalex.org/W2133631519","https://openalex.org/W2136718075","https://openalex.org/W2142668655","https://openalex.org/W2142799181","https://openalex.org/W2144812030","https://openalex.org/W2145411928","https://openalex.org/W2149527649","https://openalex.org/W2151056285","https://openalex.org/W2151437531","https://openalex.org/W2157785636","https://openalex.org/W2158853389","https://openalex.org/W2159735003","https://openalex.org/W2160324942","https://openalex.org/W2160509414","https://openalex.org/W2165470969","https://openalex.org/W2168658532","https://openalex.org/W2171984413","https://openalex.org/W2209260785","https://openalex.org/W2260199816","https://openalex.org/W2286397487","https://openalex.org/W2307631123","https://openalex.org/W2315681472","https://openalex.org/W2316418559","https://openalex.org/W2317254025","https://openalex.org/W2318587948","https://openalex.org/W2321135381","https://openalex.org/W2335021328","https://openalex.org/W2411550734","https://openalex.org/W2508374881","https://openalex.org/W2515188837","https://openalex.org/W2518277604","https://openalex.org/W2531631848","https://openalex.org/W2553870256","https://openalex.org/W2554451542","https://openalex.org/W2560288009","https://openalex.org/W2564065614","https://openalex.org/W2584212846","https://openalex.org/W2586065957","https://openalex.org/W2597201551","https://openalex.org/W2616523598","https://openalex.org/W2619689284","https://openalex.org/W2737259124","https://openalex.org/W2738366606","https://openalex.org/W2765506611","https://openalex.org/W2770861823","https://openalex.org/W2776508864","https://openalex.org/W2789898598","https://openalex.org/W2791750308","https://openalex.org/W2796210746","https://openalex.org/W2800510884","https://openalex.org/W2807883260","https://openalex.org/W2883407957","https://openalex.org/W2889872645","https://openalex.org/W2895524180","https://openalex.org/W2896364437","https://openalex.org/W2897771847","https://openalex.org/W2902761272","https://openalex.org/W2904293221","https://openalex.org/W2910092727","https://openalex.org/W2913725748","https://openalex.org/W2936233526","https://openalex.org/W2943522629","https://openalex.org/W2956633813","https://openalex.org/W2958866464","https://openalex.org/W2963448948","https://openalex.org/W2981811434","https://openalex.org/W2984559679","https://openalex.org/W3002999603","https://openalex.org/W3005972785","https://openalex.org/W3013175528","https://openalex.org/W3025238321","https://openalex.org/W3025949386","https://openalex.org/W3041865065","https://openalex.org/W3081879483","https://openalex.org/W3107944350","https://openalex.org/W3126295539","https://openalex.org/W3132084848","https://openalex.org/W3161209228","https://openalex.org/W3176713037","https://openalex.org/W3177059248","https://openalex.org/W3197590093","https://openalex.org/W3201963403","https://openalex.org/W3213602221","https://openalex.org/W4220769773","https://openalex.org/W4225269012","https://openalex.org/W4229015885","https://openalex.org/W4293425829","https://openalex.org/W4297932666","https://openalex.org/W4312460112","https://openalex.org/W4390975858"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7027566134","https://openalex.org/W3022562559","https://openalex.org/W3081879483","https://openalex.org/W1538602115","https://openalex.org/W2151056285","https://openalex.org/W2098489838","https://openalex.org/W2604183058","https://openalex.org/W1944015624","https://openalex.org/W4293425829","https://openalex.org/W7047298296"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Commercial":[0],"aviation":[1,91,351,471,598,644],"is":[2,652,709],"one":[3],"of":[4,16,160,228,293,308,326,339,347,361,398,422,445,466,502,539,588,718],"the":[5,28,79,134,158,183,187,197,214,303,317,324,345,385,412,423,428,436,450,477,482,499,519,576,639,679,689,714,724],"hardest-to-decarbonize":[6],"contributors":[7],"to":[8,21,64,71,142,153,167,170,264,431,449,511,554,559,604,622,634,654,712,727],"climate":[9,41,59,74,211,354,380,438,440,474,669,716],"change":[10,333],"and":[11,24,46,68,102,247,355,365,382,418,443,464,495,498,522,584,667,676,683,686,699],"accounts":[12],"for":[13,87,224,316,396,546],"approximately":[14],"5%":[15],"anthropogenic":[17],"radiative":[18,231,304],"forcing":[19,305],"due":[20,63,169],"its":[22,33,37],"CO\u2082":[23,599,685],"non-CO\u2082":[25,520,656],"emissions.":[26],"As":[27],"industry":[29],"grows":[30],"faster":[31],"than":[32,279,631],"efficiency":[34,582],"improvements,":[35],"aligning":[36],"growth":[38,128,267,610,675],"with":[39,133,186,329,403,569,580],"international":[40],"goals":[42],"becomes":[43,565],"increasingly":[44],"urgent":[45],"challenging.":[47],"To":[48],"enable":[49],"data-driven":[50],"decision-making,":[51],"this":[52,156,206,282,342,659],"thesis":[53,207,343,660],"investigates":[54],"aviation\u2019s":[55,209,229,664],"historical":[56],"emissions,":[57],"present-day":[58,210],"impacts,":[60],"current":[61],"damages":[62],"marginal":[65,348],"emission":[66],"changes,":[67],"potential":[69],"pathways":[70,458,640],"reach":[72],"netzero":[73],"impacts":[75,258,276,346,368,399,468,475,521,677],"by":[76,116,125,194,203,260,300,311,336,476,601,613,628,647,722],"2050.":[77,479,614],"First,":[78],"research":[80],"develops":[81],"a":[82,180,235,242,337,372,378,509,547,608,635],"consistent":[83],"bottom-up":[84,215],"emissions":[85,96,135,145,184,191,200,216,352,362,375,394,600,646,721],"inventory":[86,217],"commercial":[88],"civil":[89],"passenger":[90],"from":[92,140,151,165,262,384,406,488,492],"1980-2019,":[93],"quantifying":[94],"how":[95,320,513,523],"patterns":[97],"such":[98,590],"as":[99,120,688],"spatial,":[100],"temporal,":[101],"compositional":[103],"characteristics":[104],"have":[105],"varied":[106,277],"over":[107,137,147,281,678],"time.":[108,283],"Results":[109],"show":[110],"that,":[111],"while":[112,144,196,302],"fuel":[113,162,270,401,550,567],"consumption":[114,163],"increased":[115,164,259,299],"330%,":[117],"capacity,":[118],"measured":[119],"available":[121],"seat":[122],"miles,":[123],"grew":[124],"560%.":[126],"This":[127],"has":[129,178],"been":[130,179],"regionally":[131],"heterogeneous,":[132],"share":[136,146,159],"Asia":[138],"growing":[139],"7%":[141],"23%,":[143],"North":[148],"America":[149],"decreased":[150,202,310],"55%":[152],"25%.":[154],"Over":[155],"time,":[157],"nighttime":[161],"30%":[166],"38%,":[168],"an":[171,225,570,591],"increase":[172],"in":[173,182,268,350,453,532,611,696],"aircraft":[174,244],"utilization.":[175],"Additionally,":[176],"there":[177],"shift":[181],"composition,":[185],"nitrogen":[188],"oxides":[189],"(NOx)":[190],"index":[192,201],"increasing":[193],"20%,":[195],"non-volatile":[198],"particulate":[199],"70%.":[204],"Second,":[205],"quantifies":[208],"effects":[212,409],"using":[213,377],"described":[218],"above.":[219],"Since":[220],"contrails":[221,298,327,419,524,564,687],"are":[222,369],"responsible":[223],"estimated":[226],"57%":[227],"effective":[230],"forcing,":[232],"we":[233,433,456,641],"place":[234],"particular":[236],"focus":[237],"on":[238,353,371,411,621],"modeling":[239],"contrails.":[240],"Using":[241],"mediumfidelity":[243],"plume":[245],"model":[246,381],"ERA5":[248],"reanalysis":[249],"weather":[250],"data,":[251],"our":[252,703],"results":[253,672,704],"indicate":[254,673],"that":[255,296,392,435,537],"contrail":[256,275,309,541,700],"3":[257],"460%":[261],"1980":[263],"2019,":[265],"outpacing":[266],"annual":[269,596],"consumption.":[271],"Per":[272],"flight":[273,294,533],"distance,":[274],"less":[278],"10%":[280],"However,":[284,638,711],"underlying":[285],"drivers":[286],"did":[287],"not":[288],"remain":[289],"constant.":[290],"The":[291],"fraction":[292],"segments":[295],"cause":[297,420],"32%,":[301],"per":[306,373,400],"distance":[307],"24%.":[312],"We":[313,390,480,506,535],"additionally":[314],"quantify":[315],"first":[318],"time":[319],"different":[321],"assumptions":[322],"regarding":[323],"treatment":[325],"mixing":[328],"ambient":[330],"air":[331,356,366,407],"could":[332,469,517,594],"their":[334],"lifetime":[335],"factor":[338],"three.":[340],"Third,":[341],"calculates":[344],"changes":[349],"quality,":[357],"supporting":[358],"cost-benefit":[359],"analyses":[360],"interventions.":[363],"Climate":[364],"quality":[367,408],"monetized":[370],"unit":[374],"basis,":[376],"simplified":[379],"sensitivities":[383],"GEOS-Chem":[386],"global":[387,715],"chemistry-transport":[388],"model.":[389],"find":[391,434,536],"cruise":[393],"account":[395],"90%":[397],"unit,":[402],"49-81%":[404],"arising":[405],"depending":[410],"discount":[413],"rate.":[414],"Collectively":[415],"NOx,":[416],"CO2,":[417],"97%":[421],"total":[424],"impact.":[425],"By":[426],"estimating":[427],"first-order":[429],"contribution":[430],"variance":[432],"equilibrium":[437],"sensitivity,":[439],"damage":[441],"function,":[442],"value":[444],"statistical":[446],"life":[447],"contribute":[448],"greatest":[451],"uncertainty":[452],"outputs.":[454],"Finally,":[455],"evaluate":[457,512],"through":[459,528,693],"which":[460],"alternative":[461,483,515,697],"energy":[462,484,592],"carriers":[463],"avoidance":[465,573,587,701],"nonCO\u2082":[467],"lead":[470],"towards":[472],"net-zero":[473],"year":[478],"consider":[481],"carriers:":[485],"synthetic":[486,490],"fuels":[487,491,516],"biomass;":[489],"green":[493,503],"hydrogen":[494],"atmospheric":[496],"CO\u2082;":[497],"direct":[500],"use":[501],"liquid":[504],"hydrogen.":[505],"also":[507,705],"perform":[508],"meta-analysis":[510],"these":[514,616],"affect":[518],"can":[525,543],"be":[526,544],"avoided":[527,545],"small":[529],"scale":[530],"adjustments":[531],"altitude.":[534],"50%":[538,586],"fleet-wide":[540,549],"length":[542],"0.88%":[548],"burn":[551],"penalty":[552],"(5th":[553],"95th":[555],"percentile":[556],"range":[557],"0":[558],"2.51).":[560],"Thereafter":[561],"avoiding":[562],"subsequent":[563],"more":[566,630,650],"costly,":[568],"additional":[571,577],"20%":[572],"requiring":[574],"double":[575],"fuel.":[578],"Together":[579],"continued":[581],"gains,":[583],"assuming":[585],"contrails,":[589],"transition":[593,725],"reduce":[595,643],"lifecycle":[597],"89-94%":[602],"compared":[603,633],"year-2019":[605],"levels,":[606],"despite":[607],"2-3-fold":[609],"demand":[612],"If":[615],"costs":[617],"were":[618],"passed":[619],"directly":[620],"passengers,":[623],"ticket":[624],"prices":[625],"would":[626],"rise":[627],"no":[629],"15%":[632],"no-intervention":[636],"baseline.":[637],"identify":[642],"CO\u2082-equivalent":[645],"46-69%":[648],"only;":[649],"action":[651],"required":[653],"mitigate":[655],"impacts.":[657,670],"Collectively,":[658],"provides":[661],"perspective":[662],"into":[663],"past,":[665],"present,":[666],"future":[668,707],"These":[671],"substantial":[674],"past":[680],"40":[681],"years,":[682],"highlight":[684],"largest":[690],"contributors.":[691],"Though,":[692],"sustained":[694],"investment":[695],"fuels,":[698],"measures,":[702],"indicate,":[706],"mitigation":[708],"possible.":[710],"meet":[713],"goal":[717],"net":[719],"zero":[720],"2050,":[723],"needs":[726],"start":[728],"now.":[729]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
