{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7000428809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4470725","title":"The EU AI Liability Directive (AILD): Bridging Information Gaps","display_name":"The EU AI Liability Directive (AILD): Bridging Information Gaps","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7000428809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4470725"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.4470725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4470725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4470725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4470725","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065026122","display_name":"Marta Ziosi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3946-6994","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3946-6994"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marta Ziosi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford Martin AI Governance Initiative, 34 Broad St, Oxford, OX1 3BD, United Kingdom","University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute","University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, 1 St. Giles, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PG Oxfordshire, Oxfordshire OX1 3JS, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Martin AI Governance Initiative, 34 Broad St, Oxford, OX1 3BD, United Kingdom","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, 1 St. Giles, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PG Oxfordshire, Oxfordshire OX1 3JS, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025509228","display_name":"Jakob M\u00f6kander","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8691-2582","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8691-2582"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jakob M\u00f6kander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University - Center for Information Technology Policy","University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8691-2582","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University - Center for Information Technology Policy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Claudio Novelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4193-8604","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4193-8604"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudio Novelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Digital Ethics (CEDE)","University of Bologna- Department of Legal Studies","Yale University - Digital Ethics Center, 85, Trumbull Street, New Haven, CT 06511, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4193-8604","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Digital Ethics (CEDE)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bologna- Department of Legal Studies","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University - Digital Ethics Center, 85, Trumbull Street, New Haven, CT 06511, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052670679","display_name":"Federico Casolari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3281-5426","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3281-5426"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federico Casolari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna","Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Legal Studies, via Zamboni, 27/29, Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3281-5426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Legal Studies, via Zamboni, 27/29, Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003032735","display_name":"Mariarosaria Taddeo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1181-649X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1181-649X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariarosaria Taddeo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute","University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, 1 St. Giles, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PG Oxfordshire, Oxfordshire OX1 3JS, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, 1 St. Giles, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PG Oxfordshire, Oxfordshire OX1 3JS, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Luciano Floridi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5444-2280","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5444-2280"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["GB","IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luciano Floridi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bologna- Department of Legal Studies","University of Bologna- Department of Legal Studies, Via Zamboni 22, Bologna, Bo 40100, Italy","University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute","Yale University - Digital Ethics Center, 85 Trumbull Street, New Haven, CT CT 06511, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5444-2280","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bologna- Department of Legal Studies","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bologna- Department of Legal Studies, Via Zamboni 22, Bologna, Bo 40100, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University - Digital Ethics Center, 85 Trumbull Street, New Haven, CT CT 06511, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065026122"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-liability","display_name":"AI liability","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liability-gap","display_name":"liability gap","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-gap","display_name":"information gap","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-discrimination","display_name":"algorithmic discrimination","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-uncertainty","display_name":"legal uncertainty","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-fragmentation","display_name":"legal fragmentation","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"transparency","score":0.39800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disclosure-of-evidence","display_name":"disclosure of evidence","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-risk-ai-systems","display_name":"high-risk AI systems","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/burden-of-proof","display_name":"burden of proof","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-evidence","display_name":"access to evidence","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-regulation","display_name":"AI regulation","score":0.40400001406669617}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779547435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1121492","display_name":"Directive","level":2,"score":0.8173999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97460637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468489","display_name":"Plaintiff","level":2,"score":0.6823999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.6776999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5778999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.5746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.527400016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.5210999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.47839999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166151441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4923601","display_name":"Causation","level":2,"score":0.45010000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80114427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634260","display_name":"Circumstantial evidence","level":2,"score":0.4462999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778775528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135432","display_name":"Closing (real estate)","level":2,"score":0.42739999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3950999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777381055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308922","display_name":"Damages","level":2,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778392301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156800","display_name":"Restitution","level":2,"score":0.31450000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135522663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744072","display_name":"Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications","level":5,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59149807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q705497","display_name":"Strict liability","level":3,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200635333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158970","display_name":"Tort","level":3,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779103253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878070","display_name":"Duty","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183763965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603959","display_name":"Proportionality (law)","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83645499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285466","display_name":"Punitive damages","level":2,"score":0.24969999492168427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199286143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1404417","display_name":"Legal liability","level":3,"score":0.24070000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199776023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202875","display_name":"Negotiation","level":2,"score":0.2386000007390976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.23549999296665192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019422483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1646605","display_name":"Member states","level":3,"score":0.23399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777449729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q525271","display_name":"Product liability","level":3,"score":0.22840000689029694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167037","display_name":"Corporation","level":2,"score":0.22110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170706310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30216","display_name":"Common law","level":2,"score":0.21960000693798065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.21960000693798065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2175000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.20309999585151672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.20059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983583741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16785388","display_name":"Third party","level":2,"score":0.19979999959468842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.19850000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.19359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191015642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132459","display_name":"Fragmentation (computing)","level":2,"score":0.19050000607967377}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.4470725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4470725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4470725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ejlt.org:article/962","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ejlt.org/index.php/ejlt/article/view/962","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764792111","display_name":"European journal of law and technology","issn_l":"2042-115X","issn":["2042-115X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2042-115X","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/952262","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ejlt.org/index.php/ejlt/article/view/962","pdf_url":"https://ejlt.org/index.php/ejlt/article/download/962/1079","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.4470725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4470725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4470725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7000428809.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7000428809.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W3008058947","https://openalex.org/W3160005967","https://openalex.org/W3178786669","https://openalex.org/W3195577433","https://openalex.org/W4283325110","https://openalex.org/W4296686121","https://openalex.org/W4306857316","https://openalex.org/W4310404888","https://openalex.org/W4386689591"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4407191744","https://openalex.org/W4312572429","https://openalex.org/W4410259875","https://openalex.org/W4399347568","https://openalex.org/W4393220708","https://openalex.org/W4407818807","https://openalex.org/W4295873253","https://openalex.org/W4403537934","https://openalex.org/W7016913538","https://openalex.org/W4391158567"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"proposed":[1],"European":[2],"AI":[3,26,56],"Liability":[4],"Directive":[5],"(AILD)":[6],"is":[7,67],"an":[8],"important":[9],"step":[10],"towards":[11],"closing":[12],"the":[13,17,65,79,83,109,112,121,125,137,141,145],"\u2018liability":[14,142],"gap\u2019,":[15],"i.e.,":[16],"difficulty":[18],"in":[19],"assigning":[20],"responsibility":[21],"for":[22],"harms":[23,53],"caused":[24,54],"by":[25,55,124,129],"systems.":[27,57],"However,":[28],"if":[29,64],"victims":[30],"are":[31],"to":[32,48,68,117,135,139],"bring":[33],"liability":[34],"claims,":[35],"they":[36,44],"must":[37,61],"first":[38],"have":[39,45],"ways":[40],"of":[41,82,96,98,103],"knowing":[42],"that":[43,78],"been":[46],"subject":[47],"algorithmic":[49],"discrimination":[50],"or":[51],"other":[52],"This":[58],"\u2018information":[59,146],"gap\u2019":[60,143],"be":[62],"addressed":[63],"AILD":[66,84,138],"meet":[69],"its":[70],"regulatory":[71],"objectives.":[72],"In":[73],"this":[74],"article,":[75],"we":[76],"argue":[77],"current":[80],"version":[81],"reduces":[85],"legal":[86,90],"fragmentation":[87],"but":[88],"not":[89],"uncertainty;":[91],"privileges":[92],"transparency":[93],"and":[94,105,107,119,144],"disclosure":[95],"evidence":[97,122],"high-risk":[99],"systems":[100],"over":[101],"knowledge":[102],"harm":[104],"discrimination;":[106],"shifts":[108],"burden":[110],"on":[111,133],"claimant":[113],"from":[114],"proving":[115],"fault":[116],"accessing":[118],"understanding":[120],"provided":[123],"defendant.":[126],"We":[127],"conclude":[128],"providing":[130],"four":[131],"recommendations":[132],"how":[134],"improve":[136],"address":[140],"gap\u2019.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}