{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7000200281","doi":null,"title":"Establishing State Responsibility in Mitigating Climate Change under Customary International Law","display_name":"Establishing State Responsibility in Mitigating Climate Change under Customary International Law","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7000200281"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.columbia.edu:llm_essays_theses-1001","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/llm_essays_theses/1","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/llm_essays_theses/1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"LL.M. Essays & Theses","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/llm_essays_theses/1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012310636","display_name":"Vanessa Tsang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3312-6219","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3312-6219"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tsang, Vanessa S.W.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia Law School"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia Law School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012310636"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13756","display_name":"International Environmental Law and Policies","score":0.9023000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13756","display_name":"International Environmental Law and Policies","score":0.9023000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12895","display_name":"Environmental law and policy","score":0.037700001150369644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.034299999475479126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-responsibility","display_name":"state responsibility","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-mitigation","display_name":"climate change mitigation","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/customary-international-law","display_name":"customary international law","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas-emissions","display_name":"greenhouse gas emissions","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/no-harm-principle","display_name":"no-harm principle","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/due-diligence-obligations","display_name":"due diligence obligations","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-but-differentiated-responsibilities","display_name":"common but differentiated responsibilities","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/erga-omnes-obligations","display_name":"erga omnes obligations","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rights-based-approach","display_name":"rights-based approach","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rights-of-nature","display_name":"rights of nature","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-litigation","display_name":"climate change litigation","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paris-agreement","display_name":"Paris Agreement","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/barcelona-traction-case","display_name":"Barcelona Traction case","score":0.6990000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778042224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163552","display_name":"State responsibility","level":3,"score":0.8654000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.649399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778447849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2648051","display_name":"Obligation","level":2,"score":0.6270999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5958999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.5648999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779921323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1194894","display_name":"Customary international law","level":4,"score":0.5529000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.49790000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781016034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q794134","display_name":"Due diligence","level":2,"score":0.4772000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4684000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.42489999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.40619999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779871314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1262438","display_name":"International court","level":4,"score":0.4032999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776034101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347","display_name":"Commission","level":2,"score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779103253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878070","display_name":"Duty","level":2,"score":0.39160001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781164615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1291678","display_name":"Climate justice","level":3,"score":0.38580000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779872411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774161","display_name":"International community","level":3,"score":0.37959998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185436325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"Public international law","level":3,"score":0.37470000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189123395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7210295","display_name":"Political economy of climate change","level":3,"score":0.3472999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147598955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3427818","display_name":"Social responsibility","level":2,"score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128069549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q328798","display_name":"Environmental law","level":2,"score":0.32510000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776508615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167524","display_name":"Responsibility to protect","level":3,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51351910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1046415","display_name":"Collective responsibility","level":2,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776968495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6054724","display_name":"International legal system","level":4,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111476811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5190255","display_name":"Moral responsibility","level":2,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777861868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1646605","display_name":"Member state","level":4,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776949292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471855","display_name":"Jurisdiction","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779558720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965792","display_name":"Soft law","level":3,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115343472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Global warming","level":3,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68307924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1531711","display_name":"Global commons","level":2,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141261163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218600","display_name":"Corporate social responsibility","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.columbia.edu:llm_essays_theses-1001","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/llm_essays_theses/1","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/llm_essays_theses/1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"LL.M. Essays & Theses","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.columbia.edu:llm_essays_theses-1001","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/llm_essays_theses/1","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/llm_essays_theses/1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"LL.M. Essays & Theses","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9200000166893005}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7000200281.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7000200281.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7220102472","https://openalex.org/W2946361347","https://openalex.org/W4319866734","https://openalex.org/W2909958230","https://openalex.org/W4410945836","https://openalex.org/W7153832720","https://openalex.org/W4246040244","https://openalex.org/W3217591422","https://openalex.org/W4225452293","https://openalex.org/W3047553414"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0,53],"acknowledged":[1],"in":[2,30,79,119,150,189,337],"the":[3,17,38,43,64,85,104,133,140,146,151,154,164,169,181,228,261,295,304,315,324,327],"Paris":[4],"Agreement\u2019s":[5],"Preamble,":[6],"climate":[7,32,46,81,87,93,167,186,190,240,269,292,331],"change":[8,33,47,82,88,94,191,241,270],"is":[9,171,174,232,334],"a":[10,27,49,122,137,234,335],"\u201ccommon":[11],"concern":[12],"of":[13,40,60,66,71,76,107,116,156,166,278,297,308,317,326],"humankind.\u201d":[14],"To":[15],"tackle":[16],"anthropogenic":[18],"greenhouse":[19],"gases":[20],"(GHGs)":[21],"at":[22],"source,":[23],"State":[24],"governments":[25],"played":[26],"pivotal":[28],"role":[29],"implementing":[31],"policies.":[34],"It":[35],"thus":[36],"justifies":[37],"approach":[39],"looking":[41],"into":[42],"solutions":[44],"to":[45,132,184,200,221,224,238,286,290,329],"from":[48,208],"state":[50,77,117,147,182,203,287,318],"responsibility":[51,65,78,118,148,183,204],"perspective.":[52],"mentioned":[54],"by":[55,205,257],"James":[56],"Crawford,":[57],"\u201c[a]ny":[58],"system":[59],"law":[61,316],"must":[62],"address":[63],"its":[67],"subjects":[68],"for":[69,92,158,281],"breaches":[70],"their":[72],"obligations.\u201d":[73],"The":[74,243,275],"finding":[75],"mitigating":[80],"will":[83,283,302,312,322],"complement":[84],"treaty-based":[86],"regime,":[89],"providing":[90],"grounds":[91],"litigations":[95],"and":[96,125,193,211,246,306],"policy":[97],"formulation.":[98],"More":[99],"than":[100],"50":[101],"years":[102],"ago,":[103],"International":[105,141],"Court":[106],"Justice":[108],"(ICJ)":[109],"stated":[110],"that":[111,172,251,267],"there":[112,173],"are":[113,254,272],"two":[114],"types":[115],"Barcelona":[120],"Traction:":[121],"state-to-state":[123],"duty":[124,328],"obligations":[126,271],"erga":[127,273],"omnes":[128],"(i.e.,":[129],"duties":[130,245,253],"owed":[131],"international":[134,177],"community":[135],"as":[136],"whole).":[138],"Later,":[139],"Law":[142],"Commission":[143],"(ILC)":[144],"codified":[145],"principles":[149,210,249],"Articles":[152],"on":[153],"Responsibility":[155],"States":[157,216],"Internationally":[159],"Wrongful":[160],"Acts":[161],"(ARSIWA).":[162],"In":[163],"context":[165],"change,":[168,187],"issue":[170],"currently":[175],"no":[176],"authority":[178],"directly":[179],"recognizing":[180],"mitigate":[185,291,330],"except":[188],"treaties":[192],"soft":[194],"law.":[195],"Thus,":[196],"this":[197,298],"article":[198],"seeks":[199],"broaden":[201],"such":[202,252],"drawing":[206],"inferences":[207],"general":[209],"establishing":[212],"new":[213],"legal":[214],"grounds.":[215],"owe":[217],"an":[218],"obligation":[219,237],"not":[220],"cause":[222],"harm":[223],"one":[225],"another":[226],"under":[227],"no-harm":[229],"principle.":[230],"There":[231,333],"also":[233],"due":[235],"diligence":[236],"prevent":[239],"harm.":[242],"joint-and-several":[244],"common-but-different-responsibility":[247],"(CBDR)":[248],"emphasize":[250],"shared":[255],"collectively":[256],"States.":[258],"By":[259],"adopting":[260],"human":[262],"rights":[263,280],"approach,":[264],"it":[265],"argues":[266],"States\u2019":[268],"omnes.":[274],"recent":[276],"trend":[277],"creating":[279],"nature":[282],"further":[284],"contribute":[285],"responsibility\u2019s":[288],"jurisprudence":[289],"change.":[293,332],"For":[294],"structure":[296],"article,":[299],"Part":[300,310,320,338],"II":[301],"explain":[303],"background":[305],"motivation":[307],"research.":[309],"III":[311],"briefly":[313],"introduce":[314],"responsibility.":[319],"IV":[321],"discuss":[323],"details":[325],"conclusion":[336],"V.":[339]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}