{"id":"https://openalex.org/W6997088031","doi":null,"title":"Understanding the socio-economic contributions of different wildlife ranching business models in South Africa","display_name":"Understanding the socio-economic contributions of different wildlife ranching business models in South Africa","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W6997088031"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:localhost:11427/37153","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11427/37153","pdf_url":"https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/11427/37153/1/thesis_sci_2022_denner%20candice.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402129","display_name":"Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","host_organization_name":"University of Cape Town","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Master Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/11427/37153/1/thesis_sci_2022_denner%20candice.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100016359","display_name":"Candice Denner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1742-0469","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1742-0469"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Denner, Candice","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100016359"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13961","display_name":"Socioeconomics of Resources and Conservation","score":0.8866999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13961","display_name":"Socioeconomics of Resources and Conservation","score":0.8866999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13388","display_name":"Rangeland and Wildlife Management","score":0.03420000150799751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.015399999916553497,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wildlife-ranching","display_name":"wildlife ranching","score":0.996999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777801525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381165","display_name":"Trophy","level":2,"score":0.8661999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29376679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241741","display_name":"Wildlife","level":2,"score":0.8248999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.5939000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147366489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766328","display_name":"Wildlife conservation","level":3,"score":0.5748999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166548495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580178","display_name":"Wildlife management","level":3,"score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776212654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8001469","display_name":"Wildlife tourism","level":4,"score":0.5178999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5097000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4433000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151807755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187449","display_name":"Ecotourism","level":3,"score":0.41940000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4216890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815823","display_name":"Business model","level":2,"score":0.39100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.3894999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505870484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180538","display_name":"Fishery","level":1,"score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1670747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396622","display_name":"Agribusiness","level":3,"score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18918823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49389","display_name":"Tourism","level":2,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130217890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041","display_name":"Biodiversity","level":2,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201305675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852998","display_name":"Stakeholder","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776605222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141338","display_name":"Wildlife trade","level":3,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119693030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2180497","display_name":"Economic model","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137757676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3477367","display_name":"Business sector","level":2,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.257099986076355}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:localhost:11427/37153","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11427/37153","pdf_url":"https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/11427/37153/1/thesis_sci_2022_denner%20candice.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402129","display_name":"Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","host_organization_name":"University of Cape Town","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Master Thesis"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open.uct.ac.za:11427/37153","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11427/37153","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402129","display_name":"Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","host_organization_name":"University of Cape Town","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Master Thesis"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:localhost:11427/37153","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11427/37153","pdf_url":"https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/11427/37153/1/thesis_sci_2022_denner%20candice.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402129","display_name":"Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","host_organization_name":"University of Cape Town","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Master Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.9599999785423279},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.833299994468689}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W6997088031.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W6997088031.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1783722774","https://openalex.org/W1802982857","https://openalex.org/W1992821419","https://openalex.org/W1994377250","https://openalex.org/W2006375415","https://openalex.org/W2047780156","https://openalex.org/W2057438322","https://openalex.org/W2068980948","https://openalex.org/W2104901488","https://openalex.org/W2119887364","https://openalex.org/W2134167295","https://openalex.org/W2165281698","https://openalex.org/W2166805985","https://openalex.org/W2275894462","https://openalex.org/W2297508524","https://openalex.org/W2322881094","https://openalex.org/W2496903869","https://openalex.org/W2734766111","https://openalex.org/W2775032009","https://openalex.org/W2884423359","https://openalex.org/W2899635285","https://openalex.org/W2908469192","https://openalex.org/W2922911971","https://openalex.org/W2949997267","https://openalex.org/W2960764725","https://openalex.org/W3002384782","https://openalex.org/W3016405442","https://openalex.org/W3028339674","https://openalex.org/W3045897769","https://openalex.org/W3049119755","https://openalex.org/W3058157557","https://openalex.org/W3091982487","https://openalex.org/W3131238714","https://openalex.org/W3133328607","https://openalex.org/W3164171130","https://openalex.org/W3168975982","https://openalex.org/W3200410092","https://openalex.org/W4281979880","https://openalex.org/W4283268448","https://openalex.org/W6903851508"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400333491","https://openalex.org/W3016405442","https://openalex.org/W4230984568","https://openalex.org/W2166805985","https://openalex.org/W2508138662","https://openalex.org/W4307285978","https://openalex.org/W2998176987","https://openalex.org/W7099131118","https://openalex.org/W7065860962","https://openalex.org/W2982563650"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Amidst":[0],"the":[1,5,31,40,47,62,78,88,115,133,144,151,177,199,254,298,307,352,363,393,431,453,467,480,493,518,526,530,550],"biodiversity":[2],"loss":[3],"crisis,":[4],"expansion":[6],"of":[7,30,34,54,61,65,91,104,121,146,179,192,301,310,344,355,365,400,449,462,469,479,485,496,521],"wildlife":[8,35,48,79,106,200,221,384,470,486,522],"ranching":[9,36,80,201,523],"has":[10],"been":[11],"associated":[12],"with":[13,322,370],"a":[14,164,170,184,188,342,398],"numerous":[15],"conservation":[16],"benefits":[17,155],"and":[18,23,42,95,102,108,118,150,153,169,217,223,233,250,257,290,306,367,383,407,420,483,488,548,553],"linked":[19],"to":[20,58,175,183,206,240,359,516,536,543],"job":[21,286,291],"creation":[22],"substantial":[24],"economic":[25,243],"contributions.":[26,97],"However,":[27],"an":[28],"understanding":[29,478,517],"socio-economic":[32,63,494,519],"contributions":[33,64,495,520],"that":[37,284,440,458,490],"account":[38],"for":[39,466],"heterogeneity":[41],"diverse":[43],"business":[44,68,93,196,227,236,270,317,415,425,503,538],"strategies":[45],"within":[46,77,198,392],"economy":[49],"remains":[50],"limited.":[51],"The":[52,472],"aim":[53],"this":[55,460],"research":[56],"was":[57,161,389],"determine":[59],"some":[60,401,421],"different":[66],"wildlife-based":[67],"models,":[69,318],"as":[70,85,87,282,397,505],"defined":[71],"by":[72,296,532],"their":[73,96,141,156,207],"main":[74],"revenue-generating":[75,134,193,450],"activities,":[76,194],"industry":[81,531],"in":[82,114,140,181,362,492],"South":[83,122],"Africa,":[84],"well":[86],"financial":[89,142],"sustainability":[90,178,468,552],"these":[92,127,345,497,510],"models":[94,197,237,271,337,416,426,433,504],"In":[98],"total,":[99],"268":[100],"owners":[101],"managers":[103],"privately-owned":[105],"ranches":[107,180,264,328,376,487,498],"agricultural":[109],"farms":[110],"(for":[111],"comparative":[112],"purposes)":[113],"Eastern":[116],"Cape":[117],"Limpopo":[119],"provinces":[120],"Africa":[123],"were":[124,203,238],"surveyed.":[125],"Through":[126,187],"surveys,":[128],"I":[129],"collected":[130],"data":[131,160],"on":[132,163,304,314,339,404,409],"activities":[135,451],"they":[136,148],"rely":[137],"on,":[138],"differences":[139,491],"metrics,":[143],"number":[145],"jobs":[147,280,283,346],"provided":[149,277],"salaries":[152],"non-salary":[154,356],"employees":[157,312,360,437],"received.":[158],"This":[159],"based":[162],"non":[165],"pandemic":[166,172],"year":[167,173],"(2019/2020)":[168],"post-Covid-19":[171],"(2021/2022)":[174],"assess":[176],"response":[182],"large-scale":[185],"threat.":[186],"hierarchical":[189],"clustering":[190],"analysis":[191],"six":[195],"sector":[202],"delineated":[204],"according":[205],"primary":[208],"focus:":[209],"ecotourism,":[210,406],"trophy":[211,224,231,273],"hunting,":[212],"mixed":[213,219,255,258,371,454],"hunting":[214,232,259,326,372,375],"(i.e.,":[215,452],"biltong":[216],"trophy),":[218],"wildlife-agriculture,":[220],"breeding":[222,385],"hunting-game":[225],"meat":[226],"models.":[228,261,511],"On":[229,429],"average,":[230,340,430],"ecotourism":[234,382,394],"focused":[235,260,263,327,403],"found":[239],"make":[241],"greater":[242],"contributions,":[244],"through":[245,293],"high":[246,390],"upfront":[247],"capital":[248],"investment":[249],"operating":[251],"expenditure,":[252],"than":[253,268,335,381],"wildlife-agriculture":[256],"Ecotourism":[262],"employed":[265,330],"more":[266,331,379,446,513,544],"people":[267,332],"all":[269,414,424],"except":[272],"hunting.":[274],"They":[275,349],"also":[276,329,350],"higher":[278,294],"quality":[279],"(defined":[281],"increase":[285],"security,":[287],"workplace":[288],"equality,":[289],"satisfaction":[292],"compensation)":[295],"employing":[297],"highest":[299,308],"proportion":[300,309],"women":[302],"(41%":[303],"average)":[305,315],"skilled":[311],"(45%":[313],"across":[316,423,502],"including":[319],"when":[320],"compared":[321],"conventional":[323],"agriculture.":[324],"Trophy":[325,374],"per":[333],"hectare":[334],"other":[336],"(although":[338],"over":[341],"quarter":[343],"are":[347,377],"seasonal).":[348],"offer":[351],"greatest":[353],"variety":[354],"benefit":[357,525],"types":[358],"(particularly":[361],"form":[364],"housing":[366],"food),":[368],"along":[369],"ranches.":[373],"considerably":[378],"profitable":[380],"ranches,":[386],"though":[387],"there":[388],"variability":[391],"model,":[395],"likely":[396],"result":[399],"being":[402],"high-end":[405],"others":[408],"low-end":[410],"ecotourism.":[411],"After":[412],"Covid-19,":[413],"experienced":[417],"lower":[418],"profitability":[419],"enterprises":[422],"retrenched":[427],"employees.":[428],"mixed-activity":[432],"did":[434],"not":[435],"retrench":[436],"post-pandemic.":[438],"Those":[439],"fared":[441],"better":[442],"during":[443],"Covid-19":[444],"had":[445],"diversified":[447],"profiles":[448],"activity":[455],"models),":[456],"suggesting":[457],"enabling":[459],"diversity":[461],"approaches":[463],"is":[464],"important":[465],"ranching.":[471],"evidence":[473],"presented":[474],"here":[475],"advances":[476],"our":[477],"heterogeneous":[481],"impacts":[482],"responses":[484],"suggests":[489],"should":[499],"be":[500],"considered":[501],"several":[506],"distinctions":[507],"exist":[508],"between":[509],"A":[512],"nuanced":[514],"approach":[515],"will":[524],"policy":[527,546],"discourse":[528],"surrounding":[529],"providing":[533],"information":[534],"relevant":[535],"specific":[537],"models',":[539],"which":[540],"may":[541],"lead":[542],"effective":[545],"implementation":[547],"improve":[549],"industry's":[551],"growth.":[554]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}