{"id":"https://openalex.org/W6992513105","doi":null,"title":"1 THE LONG-TERM IMPACTS OF HUNTING ON POPULATION VIABILITY OF WILD","display_name":"1 THE LONG-TERM IMPACTS OF HUNTING ON POPULATION VIABILITY OF WILD","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W6992513105"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.510.8198","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.510.8198","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10063/909/thesis.pdf?sequence=1","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160935958","display_name":"Ungulates In Tarangire","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ungulates In Tarangire","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010700779","display_name":"Alfan A. Rija","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7386-8124","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7386-8124"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfan Abeid Rija","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46383653,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9663000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9663000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12965","display_name":"Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses","score":0.028599999845027924,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13388","display_name":"Rangeland and Wildlife Management","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hunting","display_name":"hunting","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poaching","display_name":"poaching","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-viability","display_name":"population viability","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wild-ungulates","display_name":"wild ungulates","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impala","display_name":"impala","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thomson-s-gazelle","display_name":"Thomson's gazelle","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wildebeest","display_name":"wildebeest","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zebra","display_name":"zebra","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tarangire-national-park","display_name":"Tarangire National Park","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vortex-simulation","display_name":"vortex simulation","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extinction-risk","display_name":"extinction risk","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wildlife-conservation","display_name":"wildlife conservation","score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-management","display_name":"game management","score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-wildlife-conflict","display_name":"human-wildlife conflict","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/livestock-depredation","display_name":"livestock depredation","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-based-natural-resource-management","display_name":"community-based natural resource management","score":0.4429999887943268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776217272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34577","display_name":"Poaching","level":3,"score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7609","display_name":"Wildebeest","level":3,"score":0.9283999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29376679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241741","display_name":"Wildlife","level":2,"score":0.7825000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.7020999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779357621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655495","display_name":"Tanzania","level":2,"score":0.6245999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5698999762535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147366489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766328","display_name":"Wildlife conservation","level":3,"score":0.48080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141605663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1714375","display_name":"Game reserve","level":3,"score":0.47850000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166548495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580178","display_name":"Wildlife management","level":3,"score":0.43630000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780993040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46169","display_name":"National park","level":2,"score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169733012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613416","display_name":"Population size","level":3,"score":0.3912999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.3894999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64229544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552431","display_name":"Habitat destruction","level":3,"score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779902986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649978","display_name":"Bushmeat","level":3,"score":0.3686999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779223538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q473972","display_name":"Protected area","level":2,"score":0.3447999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505870484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180538","display_name":"Fishery","level":1,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53571324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179049","display_name":"Nature reserve","level":2,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163528473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81875","display_name":"Carnivore","level":3,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24784978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864912","display_name":"Wildlife corridor","level":3,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776442470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25437","display_name":"Mustelidae","level":2,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77352025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386191","display_name":"Population growth","level":3,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24518262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16197023","display_name":"Threatened species","level":3,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910988467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2938777","display_name":"Woodland caribou","level":3,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781050692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282869","display_name":"Distance sampling","level":3,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779860289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284137","display_name":"Population decline","level":3,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20817334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5936811","display_name":"Human\u2013wildlife conflict","level":3,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101991246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422078","display_name":"Extinction (optical mineralogy)","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67268981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30198","display_name":"Marsh","level":3,"score":0.249099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776605222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141338","display_name":"Wildlife trade","level":3,"score":0.24169999361038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.2410999983549118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188382862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170430","display_name":"Predation","level":2,"score":0.24079999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130217890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041","display_name":"Biodiversity","level":2,"score":0.22599999606609344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165287380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916569","display_name":"Foraging","level":2,"score":0.2240999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135965604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1773898","display_name":"Minimum viable population","level":4,"score":0.22169999778270721}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.510.8198","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.510.8198","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10063/909/thesis.pdf?sequence=1","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz:10063/909","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/handle/10063/909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400531","display_name":"ResearchArchive\u2013Te Puna Rangahau (Victoria University of Wellington)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I41156924","host_organization_name":"Victoria University of Wellington","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Master's"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land","score":0.9599999785423279}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100673030","https://openalex.org/W2084675804","https://openalex.org/W2409349959","https://openalex.org/W2157815788","https://openalex.org/W2104510056","https://openalex.org/W4221065846","https://openalex.org/W2184807157","https://openalex.org/W2073895797","https://openalex.org/W2136289625","https://openalex.org/W2188581794"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hunting":[0],"through":[1],"illegal":[2,213,397],"and":[3,29,51,55,90,113,136,166,244,302,307,310,318,330,348,454],"legal":[4,25,153,183,220],"means":[5],"is":[6,403],"increasingly":[7],"recognised":[8],"as":[9,31],"a":[10,32,42,156,281,286,446],"threat":[11,44],"to":[12,45,61,176,290,328,353,407],"the\\nsustainability":[13],"of":[14,34,53,67,73,106,151,171,181,185,248,273,288,294,333,378,382,396,411,421,429],"wildlife":[15,46,56],"populations":[16,47,336,356,415],"in":[17,23,48,98,143,169,173,267,416],"reserves":[18,52],"throughout":[19],"Africa.":[20,269],"Despite":[21],"this,":[22],"Tanzania,":[24],"hunting":[26,68,164,172,296,345,361,373,398,451],"has":[27],"persisted":[28],"serves":[30],"source":[33],"revenue":[35],"for":[36,193,222,235,238,242,246,258,449,455],"conserving":[37],"these":[38,107,430],"species.":[39],"Poaching":[40],"remains":[41],"major":[43],"many":[49],"parks":[50],"Tanzania":[54],"habitats":[57],"are":[58,399],"diminishing":[59],"due":[60],"human":[62],"activities.\\nI":[63],"examined":[64,279],"the":[65,70,103,144,152,174,186,190,208,274,292,314,334,372,375,389,404,409,412,426,436],"impacts":[66,395],"on":[69,425],"long-term":[71,271],"persistence":[72],"four":[74,224,275,315],"wild":[75],"ungulates;":[76],"impala":[77,122,317],"(Aepyceros":[78],"melampus":[79],"Matschie),":[80],"Thomson's":[81,128,239,319],"gazelle":[82,320],"(Gazella":[83],"thomsonii":[84],"Gunther),":[85],"wildebeest":[86,243,383],"(Connochaetes":[87],"taurinus":[88],"Thomas)":[89],"zebra":[91,349],"(Equus\\nburchellii":[92],"Matschie)":[93],"around":[94,207],"Tarangire":[95,453],"National":[96],"Park,":[97],"northern":[99],"Tanzania.":[100,418],"I":[101,147,188,254],"investigated":[102],"population":[104,249,365,381],"sizes":[105,306],"species":[108,195,226,260,276],"using":[109,196],"Distance":[110],"sampling":[111],"method":[112,199],"determined":[114],"there":[115],"were":[116,215,233,350],"4534":[117],"plus":[118,124,131,138],"or":[119,125,132,139,265],"minus":[120,126,133,140],"1393":[121],"1398":[123],"491":[127],"gazelle,":[129,240],"5199":[130],"2670":[134],"wildebeest,":[135],"11223":[137],"4216":[141],"zebra,":[142,247],"study":[145,402],"area.":[146,187,209],"obtained":[148,255],"an":[149,178],"estimate":[150],"offtake":[154,184,221,391],"over":[155],"five":[157],"year":[158],"period":[159],"from":[160,262],"data":[161],"provided":[162],"by":[163,200,284],"companies":[165],"districts":[167],"offices":[168],"charge":[170],"area":[175],"establish":[177],"average":[179],"size":[180],"annual":[182,231],"estimated":[189],"poaching":[191],"levels":[192],"each":[194,259],"random":[197],"response":[198],"interviewing":[201],"298":[202],"household":[203],"respondents":[204],"within\\ncommunities":[205],"living":[206],"This":[210,401],"established":[211],"that":[212,441],"kill":[214],"2-3":[216],"times":[217],"higher":[218],"than":[219],"all":[223,324],"animal":[225],"except":[227],"zebra.":[228],"The":[229,270,298,380,394],"total":[230],"harvests":[232],"6.6%":[234],"impala,":[236],"18.2%":[237],"5.2%":[241],"2%":[245],"sizes.":[250],"Using":[251],"literature":[252],"review":[253],"vital":[256],"life-history\\nparameters":[257],"either":[261],"within":[263,339],"Tarangire,":[264,417],"elsewhere":[266],"East":[268],"viability":[272],"was":[277],"then":[278],"under":[280,323,342,359],"computer":[282],"program-VORTEX":[283],"constructing":[285],"series":[287],"models":[289,299],"test":[291],"effects":[293],"different":[295],"regimes.":[297],"integrated":[300],"mortality":[301],"fecundity":[303],"rates,":[304],"species\\npopulation":[305],"harvest":[308],"(legal":[309],"illegal)":[311],"rates.":[312,362],"Of":[313],"species,":[316,431],"fared":[321],"badly":[322],"simulations,":[325],"with":[326],"up":[327],"76%":[329],"68%":[331],"respectively":[332],"modelled":[335],"going":[337],"extinct":[338],"100":[340],"years":[341],"present":[343],"3":[344],"levels.":[346],"Wildebeest":[347],"more":[351],"resilient":[352],"hunting.":[354],"Zebra":[355],"remained":[357],"robust":[358],"current":[360,376,390],"However,":[363],"its":[364],"will":[366,384],"slowly":[367],"decline":[368,385],"towards":[369,386],"extinction":[370,387],"when":[371],"exceeds":[374],"rate":[377],"2%.":[379],"if":[388],"of\\n5%":[392],"persists.":[393],"severe.":[400],"first":[405],"attempt":[406],"characterise":[408],"dynamics":[410],"harvested":[413],"ungulate":[414],"Poor":[419],"understanding":[420],"this":[422],"ecosystem":[423],"especially":[424],"demographic":[427],"variables":[428],"limit":[432],"firm":[433],"conclusions.":[434],"Nevertheless,":[435],"findings":[437],"presented":[438],"here":[439],"suggest":[440],"VORTEX":[442],"modelling":[443],"may":[444],"be":[445],"useful":[447],"tool":[448],"managing":[450],"at":[452],"highlighting":[456],"research":[457],"priorities.":[458]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}