{"id":"https://openalex.org/W6990680368","doi":null,"title":"The Effects of Different Types of Unfocused Corrective Feedback on Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in L2 English Academic Writing","display_name":"The Effects of Different Types of Unfocused Corrective Feedback on Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in L2 English Academic Writing","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W6990680368"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.essex.ac.uk:34667","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.essex.ac.uk/34667/1/PhDFinal.pdf","pdf_url":"https://repository.essex.ac.uk/34667/1/PhDFinal.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401236","display_name":"Open Access at Essex (University of Essex)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","host_organization_name":"University of Essex","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://repository.essex.ac.uk/34667/1/PhDFinal.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044994233","display_name":"Laurence Craven","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0739-2871","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0739-2871"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Craven, Laurence","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044994233"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10959","display_name":"Student Assessment and Feedback","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/written-corrective-feedback","display_name":"written corrective feedback","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metalinguistic-feedback","display_name":"metalinguistic feedback","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indirect-feedback","display_name":"indirect feedback","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-feedback","display_name":"direct feedback","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complexity-accuracy-and-fluency","display_name":"complexity, accuracy, and fluency","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexical-diversity","display_name":"lexical diversity","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-revision","display_name":"textual revision","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learner-aptitude","display_name":"learner aptitude","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learner-proficiency","display_name":"learner proficiency","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argumentative-essay","display_name":"argumentative essay","score":0.492000013589859}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779305910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172809","display_name":"Corrective feedback","level":2,"score":0.9681000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777413886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276013","display_name":"Fluency","level":2,"score":0.8985999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6966000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5461999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778883600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2390977","display_name":"Language proficiency","level":2,"score":0.49959999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77243148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2918137","display_name":"Metalinguistics","level":4,"score":0.49619999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4494999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.412200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7160400","display_name":"Peer feedback","level":2,"score":0.40149998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780844864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184377","display_name":"Pronunciation","level":2,"score":0.39629998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779192225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7443730","display_name":"Second language writing","level":3,"score":0.3846000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987567764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125421","display_name":"Second language","level":2,"score":0.38199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171041071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36870","display_name":"First language","level":2,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48561166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1347367","display_name":"Aptitude","level":2,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170350167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455178","display_name":"Second-language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119867837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4119870","display_name":"Academic writing","level":2,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167055898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321249","display_name":"Applied linguistics","level":2,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89267518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179488","display_name":"Psycholinguistics","level":3,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100480397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7836899","display_name":"Treatment and control groups","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780790391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149626","display_name":"Written language","level":2,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778498041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q915466","display_name":"Academic year","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126706616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2944660","display_name":"Lexical item","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.essex.ac.uk:34667","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.essex.ac.uk/34667/1/PhDFinal.pdf","pdf_url":"https://repository.essex.ac.uk/34667/1/PhDFinal.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401236","display_name":"Open Access at Essex (University of Essex)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","host_organization_name":"University of Essex","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.essex.ac.uk:34667","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.essex.ac.uk/34667/1/PhDFinal.pdf","pdf_url":"https://repository.essex.ac.uk/34667/1/PhDFinal.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401236","display_name":"Open Access at Essex (University of Essex)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","host_organization_name":"University of Essex","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8278999924659729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Clinical Trial","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W6990680368.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W6990680368.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":164,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W128627502","https://openalex.org/W292388585","https://openalex.org/W794495026","https://openalex.org/W1511345513","https://openalex.org/W1552099543","https://openalex.org/W1582105504","https://openalex.org/W1773717338","https://openalex.org/W1892891730","https://openalex.org/W1912990323","https://openalex.org/W1965762807","https://openalex.org/W1967961930","https://openalex.org/W1972572282","https://openalex.org/W1974499436","https://openalex.org/W1975066227","https://openalex.org/W1976154445","https://openalex.org/W1978272869","https://openalex.org/W1981431086","https://openalex.org/W1982194407","https://openalex.org/W1982652988","https://openalex.org/W1988108602","https://openalex.org/W1990988568","https://openalex.org/W1991667866","https://openalex.org/W1991768037","https://openalex.org/W1991848963","https://openalex.org/W1993428728","https://openalex.org/W1997544838","https://openalex.org/W1997859089","https://openalex.org/W1999257446","https://openalex.org/W1999809809","https://openalex.org/W2000174603","https://openalex.org/W2001024019","https://openalex.org/W2003757516","https://openalex.org/W2005028297","https://openalex.org/W2005247852","https://openalex.org/W2006953227","https://openalex.org/W2011149221","https://openalex.org/W2011922328","https://openalex.org/W2012559983","https://openalex.org/W2012637537","https://openalex.org/W2013635765","https://openalex.org/W2019506435","https://openalex.org/W2020883604","https://openalex.org/W2022315496","https://openalex.org/W2023711772","https://openalex.org/W2024546487","https://openalex.org/W2028810396","https://openalex.org/W2029614475","https://openalex.org/W2030028362","https://openalex.org/W2031577085","https://openalex.org/W2033775270","https://openalex.org/W2036454479","https://openalex.org/W2039838847","https://openalex.org/W2044249691","https://openalex.org/W2044284652","https://openalex.org/W2045010778","https://openalex.org/W2047957794","https://openalex.org/W2048083704","https://openalex.org/W2049312337","https://openalex.org/W2050561986","https://openalex.org/W2052871611","https://openalex.org/W2054870958","https://openalex.org/W2055286660","https://openalex.org/W2057096339","https://openalex.org/W2061141931","https://openalex.org/W2061354570","https://openalex.org/W2065327108","https://openalex.org/W2065450924","https://openalex.org/W2067112534","https://openalex.org/W2067135535","https://openalex.org/W2067401440","https://openalex.org/W2067530630","https://openalex.org/W2068495385","https://openalex.org/W2068612705","https://openalex.org/W2070103459","https://openalex.org/W2070186365","https://openalex.org/W2070618509","https://openalex.org/W2070688011","https://openalex.org/W2071160419","https://openalex.org/W2072324621","https://openalex.org/W2072404599","https://openalex.org/W2072496061","https://openalex.org/W2075509776","https://openalex.org/W2075959218","https://openalex.org/W2076224613","https://openalex.org/W2077408241","https://openalex.org/W2078093324","https://openalex.org/W2078527606","https://openalex.org/W2078762597","https://openalex.org/W2083536748","https://openalex.org/W2083692915","https://openalex.org/W2087016971","https://openalex.org/W2087388117","https://openalex.org/W2088470070","https://openalex.org/W2089715366","https://openalex.org/W2090655260","https://openalex.org/W2092537199","https://openalex.org/W2096411756","https://openalex.org/W2097942542","https://openalex.org/W2098445793","https://openalex.org/W2099299123","https://openalex.org/W2101714982","https://openalex.org/W2101778115","https://openalex.org/W2102113429","https://openalex.org/W2103521500","https://openalex.org/W2106545537","https://openalex.org/W2108104291","https://openalex.org/W2108895486","https://openalex.org/W2110893379","https://openalex.org/W2111428117","https://openalex.org/W2114807474","https://openalex.org/W2115055261","https://openalex.org/W2118367551","https://openalex.org/W2118436852","https://openalex.org/W2121194276","https://openalex.org/W2121810576","https://openalex.org/W2121884006","https://openalex.org/W2123010431","https://openalex.org/W2124216532","https://openalex.org/W2125113055","https://openalex.org/W2127041292","https://openalex.org/W2127435460","https://openalex.org/W2127746072","https://openalex.org/W2131734290","https://openalex.org/W2133014542","https://openalex.org/W2134586790","https://openalex.org/W2134745613","https://openalex.org/W2136000892","https://openalex.org/W2139141360","https://openalex.org/W2139287582","https://openalex.org/W2141497046","https://openalex.org/W2146437619","https://openalex.org/W2156188911","https://openalex.org/W2158004493","https://openalex.org/W2159932002","https://openalex.org/W2160994700","https://openalex.org/W2161014652","https://openalex.org/W2161615411","https://openalex.org/W2162579423","https://openalex.org/W2166508257","https://openalex.org/W2167797778","https://openalex.org/W2168276138","https://openalex.org/W2170936601","https://openalex.org/W2286878760","https://openalex.org/W2317666317","https://openalex.org/W2462956076","https://openalex.org/W2474762263","https://openalex.org/W2478292954","https://openalex.org/W2563116162","https://openalex.org/W2580952505","https://openalex.org/W2592122454","https://openalex.org/W2792654535","https://openalex.org/W2801866525","https://openalex.org/W2808587213","https://openalex.org/W2895515202","https://openalex.org/W2907393031","https://openalex.org/W2953987693","https://openalex.org/W2964210328","https://openalex.org/W2965477437","https://openalex.org/W2983104759","https://openalex.org/W3108566216","https://openalex.org/W3121019587","https://openalex.org/W3123304340","https://openalex.org/W3216763624","https://openalex.org/W4242229660"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7204908779","https://openalex.org/W2606767962","https://openalex.org/W7204016775","https://openalex.org/W947117962","https://openalex.org/W7099910948","https://openalex.org/W6990701046","https://openalex.org/W2982283706","https://openalex.org/W2902970392","https://openalex.org/W2070368085","https://openalex.org/W4313249393"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"on":[1,22,40,59,150,230,237,247,253,274],"written":[2,55],"corrective":[3,56],"feedback":[4,57,103,119,121,135,157,172,219,244],"in":[5,96,129,161,226],"second":[6],"language":[7],"(L2)":[8],"learning":[9],"has":[10,271],"made":[11],"progress,":[12],"answering":[13],"the":[14,23,47,60,82,91,130,153,165,180,196,266,309],"unknowns":[15],"regarding":[16],"its":[17],"effectiveness.":[18],"Currently,":[19],"debate":[20],"focuses":[21],"most":[24],"effective":[25],"way":[26],"of":[27,38,49,66,85,93,118,202,242,268],"giving":[28],"feedback.":[29,42,94,198],"Controversy,":[30],"however,":[31],"remains":[32],"and":[33,53,63,88,113,120,144,155,167,182,204,228,249,276,304,307],"there":[34,188,256],"is":[35],"a":[36,221,298],"scarcity":[37],"research":[39],"unfocused":[41,50,197,243,281,305],"The":[43,77,170,199,288],"present":[44],"study":[45,78],"examines":[46],"effects":[48,246,273],"direct,":[51],"indirect":[52,166,171],"metalinguistic":[54,156,183],"(WCF)":[58],"complexity,":[61],"accuracy":[62],"fluency":[64,162,229,248],"(CAF)":[65],"139":[67],"L1":[68],"Arabic":[69],"or":[70,136,193,213],"Urdu":[71],"\u2013":[72],"L2":[73],"English":[74],"students'":[75],"writing.":[76],"also":[79],"investigates":[80],"if":[81,264],"moderating":[83,200],"variables":[84,201],"aptitude,":[86],"attitudes":[87,217],"proficiency":[89,203],"affect":[90],"uptake":[92],"Students":[95,139],"four":[97,116],"intact":[98],"groups":[99,158],"were":[100,114,189],"designated":[101],"as":[102],"groups,":[104],"plus":[105],"one":[106],"control":[107,131,168],"group.":[108],"They":[109],"wrote":[110,140],"argument":[111],"essays":[112],"given":[115],"rounds":[117],"support":[122,137],"sessions":[123,270],"over":[124],"fourteen":[125],"weeks;":[126],"whereas":[127],"learners":[128],"group":[132,173],"received":[133],"no":[134,190,207,258],"sessions.":[138,311],"both":[141],"text":[142,151,231,238],"revisions":[143],"new":[145,186,254],"texts.":[146],"Results":[147],"showed":[148],"that":[149,236],"revisions,":[152,239],"direct":[154,181],"had":[159,174,206,220],"losses":[160,194],"compared":[163],"to":[164],"groups.":[169,184],"significantly":[175],"lower":[176],"lexical":[177,250],"diversity":[178],"than":[179],"On":[185],"texts,":[187],"significant":[191,208],"gains":[192,212,225],"from":[195],"aptitude":[205],"relationships":[209],"with":[210,224],"CAF":[211],"losses,":[214],"but":[215,252],"positive":[216,272],"towards":[218],"negative":[222],"relationship":[223],"complexity":[227],"revisions.":[232],"These":[233],"results":[234,289],"reveal":[235],"some":[240],"forms":[241],"have":[245],"diversity,":[251],"texts":[255],"are":[257],"effects.":[259],"Future":[260],"work":[261],"should":[262],"examine":[263],"increasing":[265],"number":[267],"treatment":[269,310],"CAF,":[275],"discover":[277],"at":[278],"what":[279],"point":[280],"WCF":[282,306],"may":[283],"become":[284],"too":[285],"cognitively":[286],"demanding.":[287],"provide":[290],"useful":[291],"information":[292],"for":[293],"practitioners":[294],"who":[295],"could":[296],"use":[297],"more":[299],"blended":[300],"approach":[301],"between":[302],"focused":[303],"increase":[308]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}