{"id":"https://openalex.org/W6989070083","doi":null,"title":"Accurate detection methods for GAN-generated earth observation images using expert visual perception","display_name":"Accurate detection methods for GAN-generated earth observation images using expert visual perception","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W6989070083"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.nottingham.ac.uk:76570","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/76570/1/PhD_Thesis__Corrected.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/76570/1/PhD_Thesis__Corrected.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402014","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis (University of Nottingham only)"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/76570/1/PhD_Thesis__Corrected.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yates, Matthew","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yates, Matthew","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gan-generated-image-detection","display_name":"GAN-generated image detection","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-authenticity","display_name":"image authenticity","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-perception","display_name":"visual perception","score":0.5049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"eye tracking","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-search-strategies","display_name":"visual search strategies","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-image-generation","display_name":"synthetic image generation","score":0.31700000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7364000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6654999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.546500027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5235999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.520799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4896000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.47510001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126422989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93586","display_name":"Feature detection (computer vision)","level":4,"score":0.4115000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4081000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160086991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5939193","display_name":"Human visual system model","level":3,"score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3774999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.35089999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.3481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158495155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2369151","display_name":"Visual search","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.nottingham.ac.uk:76570","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/76570/1/PhD_Thesis__Corrected.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/76570/1/PhD_Thesis__Corrected.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402014","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis (University of Nottingham only)"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.nottingham.ac.uk:123456789/57565","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.nottingham.ac.uk/handle/123456789/57565","pdf_url":"https://repository.nottingham.ac.uk/bitstreams/62953c4f-1232-4a11-b5bb-e5876979adbf/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402014","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"ethesis"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.nottingham.ac.uk:76570","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/76570/1/PhD_Thesis__Corrected.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/76570/1/PhD_Thesis__Corrected.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402014","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis (University of Nottingham only)"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332972","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04jswqb94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W6989070083.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W6989070083.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W967544008","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1924619199","https://openalex.org/W1959608418","https://openalex.org/W2173520492","https://openalex.org/W2662969263","https://openalex.org/W2766527293","https://openalex.org/W2775795276","https://openalex.org/W2782980316","https://openalex.org/W2893749619","https://openalex.org/W2914312101","https://openalex.org/W2916093327","https://openalex.org/W2951293229","https://openalex.org/W2963459241","https://openalex.org/W2964339842","https://openalex.org/W2980282514","https://openalex.org/W2991318208","https://openalex.org/W2996697003","https://openalex.org/W2997671504","https://openalex.org/W3014852036","https://openalex.org/W3027402057","https://openalex.org/W3034577585","https://openalex.org/W3035653890","https://openalex.org/W3037567775","https://openalex.org/W3107803166","https://openalex.org/W3112688368","https://openalex.org/W3162926177","https://openalex.org/W3216356627","https://openalex.org/W3216759837","https://openalex.org/W4221165315","https://openalex.org/W4224035735","https://openalex.org/W4287884584","https://openalex.org/W4288099666","https://openalex.org/W4383045269","https://openalex.org/W4392403894","https://openalex.org/W4394566113","https://openalex.org/W6946729355"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4283696875","https://openalex.org/W4383219087","https://openalex.org/W2921230249","https://openalex.org/W4401325047","https://openalex.org/W4383373877","https://openalex.org/W3179128750","https://openalex.org/W2979259381","https://openalex.org/W3082540155","https://openalex.org/W4385767391","https://openalex.org/W4394935852"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Image":[0],"generation":[1,22,75,122,145],"techniques,":[2],"such":[3,34,44],"as":[4,35,45],"generative":[5],"adversarial":[6],"networks":[7],"(GANs),":[8],"have":[9,49],"become":[10],"sufficiently":[11],"sophisticated":[12],"to":[13,29,58,97,102,127,230],"cause":[14],"growing":[15],"security":[16],"concerns":[17],"regarding":[18],"image":[19,42,121,182,191,200],"authenticity.":[20],"Although":[21],"and":[23,37,76,94,123,159,173,205,216],"detection":[24,77,88,96,124,154,161,183,201,238,256],"methods":[25,78,89,155],"are":[26],"often":[27],"applied":[28],"a":[30,227,236],"range":[31],"of":[32,62,71,116,120,135,142,146,226],"images":[33],"objects":[36],"faces,":[38],"more":[39,214],"domain":[40],"specific":[41,73],"types":[43],"Earth":[46],"Observation":[47],"(EO)":[48],"received":[50],"relatively":[51],"little":[52],"attention,":[53],"leaving":[54],"the":[55,68,109,117,140,143,169],"field":[56],"vulnerable":[57],"potential":[59],"malicious":[60],"misuse":[61],"this":[63,104,253],"technology.":[64],"This":[65,83],"thesis":[66],"investigates":[67],"current":[69,99,118,136,232],"state":[70,119],"EO":[72,128,148,165],"GAN":[74,137],"using":[79,240],"an":[80],"interdisciplinary":[81],"approach.":[82,177],"work":[84],"argues":[85],"that":[86,167,186,211,252],"further":[87],"should":[90],"incorporate":[91],"both":[92,157],"human":[93,158],"computational":[95],"improve":[98,231],"techniques.":[100],"Evidence":[101],"support":[103],"conclusion":[105],"is":[106],"given":[107],"by":[108,234],"following":[110],"contributions:":[111],"1.":[112],"A":[113,131,151],"literature":[114],"review":[115],"with":[125],"respect":[126],"imagery.":[129,149],"2.":[130],"new":[132],"benchmark":[133],"evaluation":[134],"models":[138],"in":[139,156],"task":[141],"unconditional":[144],"synthetic":[147,164],"3.":[150],"Comparison":[152],"between":[153,203],"computer":[160],"systems":[162,188],"towards":[163],"imagery":[166],"quantifies":[168],"key":[170],"behavioural":[171],"differences":[172],"effectiveness":[174],"for":[175,193,221],"each":[176],"The":[178,208,224,249],"findings":[179],"from":[180,244],"two":[181],"studies":[184],"show":[185],"these":[187],"prioritize":[189],"different":[190],"features":[192],"making":[194],"accurate":[195],"detections.":[196],"4.":[197],"An":[198],"eye-tracking":[199],"study":[202],"expert":[204],"novice":[206],"users.":[207],"results":[209,250],"find":[210],"experts":[212],"exhibit":[213],"efficient":[215],"effective":[217],"visual":[218],"search":[219],"strategies":[220],"detection.":[222],"5.":[223],"development":[225],"novel":[228],"framework":[229],"techniques":[233],"guiding":[235],"CNN":[237],"model":[239],"eye":[241],"gaze":[242],"data":[243],"self-reported":[245],"high":[246],"experience":[247],"individuals.":[248],"found":[251],"approach":[254],"increased":[255],"performance":[257],"over":[258],"control":[259],"models.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
