{"id":"https://openalex.org/W6987367808","doi":null,"title":"Study of frost growth on heat exchangers used as outdoor coils in air source heat pump systems","display_name":"Study of frost growth on heat exchangers used as outdoor coils in air source heat pump systems","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W6987367808"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:openresearch.okstate.edu:20.500.14446/7817","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14446/7817","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402274","display_name":"SHAREOK (University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma State University; Central Oklahoma University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042467040","display_name":"Sankaranarayanan Padhmanabhan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Padhmanabhan, Sankaranarayanan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042467040"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11529","display_name":"Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11529","display_name":"Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10998","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Optimization","score":0.008899999782443047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11774","display_name":"Adsorption and Cooling Systems","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frost-growth","display_name":"frost growth","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-source-heat-pump","display_name":"air-source heat pump","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finned-tube-heat-exchanger","display_name":"finned tube heat exchanger","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microchannel-heat-exchangers","display_name":"microchannel heat exchangers","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycol-solutions","display_name":"glycol solutions","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-velocity","display_name":"air velocity","score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relative-humidity","display_name":"relative humidity","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frost-resistance","display_name":"frost resistance","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-transfer-reduction","display_name":"heat transfer reduction","score":0.6370000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4988496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135221","display_name":"Frost (temperature)","level":2,"score":0.7098000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187949908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2044954","display_name":"Air source heat pumps","level":4,"score":0.7084000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107706546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189124","display_name":"Heat exchanger","level":2,"score":0.7045000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65473313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007798","display_name":"Copper in heat exchangers","level":5,"score":0.5322999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32375409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q261231","display_name":"Plate heat exchanger","level":3,"score":0.4968000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.48539999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118227150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6839192","display_name":"Micro heat exchanger","level":4,"score":0.4837000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39420092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17075298","display_name":"Plate fin heat exchanger","level":4,"score":0.48159998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48632124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617088","display_name":"Heat spreader","level":3,"score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91311341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1764892","display_name":"Evaporator","level":3,"score":0.4415999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776461528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131313","display_name":"Heat pump","level":3,"score":0.44130000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50517652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179635","display_name":"Heat transfer","level":2,"score":0.42730000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4097000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3709000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199499590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q266790","display_name":"Refrigerant","level":3,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127145964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142051","display_name":"Heat recovery ventilation","level":3,"score":0.3571000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103742991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173725","display_name":"Air conditioning","level":2,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779553506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100252428","display_name":"Defrosting","level":3,"score":0.3246000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176864760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217651","display_name":"Moisture","level":2,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204826919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905855","display_name":"NTU method","level":5,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30403606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2981904","display_name":"Electromagnetic coil","level":2,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116067010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4698686","display_name":"Airflow","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205318045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930881","display_name":"Shell and tube heat exchanger","level":3,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29700514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634340","display_name":"Heat transfer coefficient","level":3,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201289731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172599","display_name":"Inlet","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192866977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3294462","display_name":"Dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger","level":5,"score":0.2547000050544739}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:openresearch.okstate.edu:20.500.14446/7817","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14446/7817","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402274","display_name":"SHAREOK (University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma State University; Central Oklahoma University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},{"id":"pmh:oai:shareok.org:11244/7817","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11244/7817","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402274","display_name":"SHAREOK (University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma State University; Central Oklahoma University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Dissertation"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5690000057220459}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2183627096","https://openalex.org/W3004590964","https://openalex.org/W2773066973","https://openalex.org/W2133344973","https://openalex.org/W2006898658","https://openalex.org/W3036208790","https://openalex.org/W4385391016","https://openalex.org/W2571829587","https://openalex.org/W2074818313","https://openalex.org/W7034028120"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Scope":[0],"and":[1,20,46,57,69,90,103,118,124,138,153],"Method":[2],"of":[3,12,60,97],"Study:":[4],"During":[5],"winter":[6],"heating":[7],"operation,":[8],"the":[9,22,28,31,36,43,55,58,61],"outdoor":[10],"coil":[11,37],"a":[13,73,95,113,147,166],"heat":[14,51,62,76,92,123,126,149],"pump":[15],"acts":[16],"as":[17],"an":[18],"evaporator":[19],"when":[21],"ambient":[23,104],"temperature":[24],"is":[25,67,116,130,144,154,162],"near":[26],"freezing,":[27],"moisture":[29],"in":[30,79,135,165],"atmospheric":[32],"air":[33,44,101,105,139],"freezes":[34],"on":[35,112],"surface.":[38],"The":[39,128,141],"frost":[40,109,142],"growth":[41,160],"affects":[42],"flow":[45],"also":[47,163],"adds":[48],"resistance":[49],"to":[50,71,120,132],"transfer":[52],"thus":[53],"reducing":[54],"capacity":[56],"efficiency":[59],"pump.":[63],"An":[64],"experimental":[65,157],"facility":[66],"designed":[68],"built":[70],"test":[72],"small":[74,87],"scale":[75,88],"exchanger":[77,93,150],"working":[78],"frosting":[80],"conditions.":[81],"Tests":[82],"are":[83],"carried":[84],"out":[85],"using":[86],"fin-tube":[89,122],"microchannel":[91,125],"over":[94],"range":[96],"glycol":[98],"inlet":[99],"temperatures,":[100],"velocities":[102],"RH.":[106],"A":[107],"semi-empirical":[108],"model":[110,129,143,161],"based":[111],"scaling":[114],"approach":[115],"developed":[117,131],"applied":[119],"both":[121,136],"exchangers.":[127],"handle":[133],"non-uniformities":[134],"refrigerant":[137],"side.":[140],"integrated":[145],"with":[146],"segment-by-segment":[148],"calculation":[151],"algorithm":[152],"validated":[155],"against":[156],"data.":[158],"Frost":[159],"incorporated":[164],"quasi-steady":[167],"state":[168],"system":[169],"simulation":[170],"algorithm.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}