{"id":"https://openalex.org/W6926276128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22080/lps.2023.24852.1461","title":"Differentiation of Invitation to Treat and Offer: A Comparative Study in Iranian and English law","display_name":"Differentiation of Invitation to Treat and Offer: A Comparative Study in Iranian and English law","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W6926276128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22080/lps.2023.24852.1461"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:61c34898053a4fbaa5002ef69bcfc0ad","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22080/lps.2023.24852.1461","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/61c34898053a4fbaa5002ef69bcfc0ad","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642\u06cc, Vol 8, Iss 3, Pp 7-26 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038022395","display_name":"Goodarz Eftekhar Jahromi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goudarz Eftekhar Jahromi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115514433","display_name":"Vahid Akefi Ghaziani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vahid Akefi Ghaziani","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148209053","display_name":"Seyyed Mostafa Milani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyyed Mostafa Milani","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48595165,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12982","display_name":"Legal principles and applications","score":0.7339000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12982","display_name":"Legal principles and applications","score":0.7339000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12374","display_name":"European and International Contract Law","score":0.18140000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12669","display_name":"Comparative International Legal Studies","score":0.06710000336170197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offer","display_name":"offer","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contract-formation","display_name":"contract formation","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commercial-law","display_name":"commercial law","score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iranian-law","display_name":"Iranian law","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-law","display_name":"English law","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/islamic-law","display_name":"Islamic law","score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-contract-law","display_name":"comparative contract law","score":0.8640000224113464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.7468000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.6449000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.5866000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14042566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138780","display_name":"English law","level":2,"score":0.5080999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992860105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7631392","display_name":"Subject matter","level":3,"score":0.4672999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.39169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.387800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206952183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193100","display_name":"Preemption","level":2,"score":0.3772999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019323424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18389","display_name":"New england","level":3,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170706310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30216","display_name":"Common law","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:61c34898053a4fbaa5002ef69bcfc0ad","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22080/lps.2023.24852.1461","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/61c34898053a4fbaa5002ef69bcfc0ad","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642\u06cc, Vol 8, Iss 3, Pp 7-26 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8004353642463684}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distinguishing":[0],"an":[1,6,31,34,131,137,171,191,241],"invitation":[2,35,132,215],"to":[3,29,36,41,66,95,98,133,196,216,224,250],"treat":[4,134],"from":[5],"offer":[7,32,127,161,172,213],"has":[8,147,193],"long":[9],"been":[10,194],"a":[11,37,47,58,68,148,168,176],"subject":[12],"of":[13,20,53,73,83,101,108,150,178,200,204,212,221,228,232,240],"discussion":[14],"among":[15],"scholars.":[16],"The":[17,219],"main":[18],"question":[19],"this":[21,42,109,189],"research":[22],"is":[23,64,140,226,235],"what":[24],"criteria":[25],"can":[26],"be":[27,129,248],"used":[28,249],"distinguish":[30],"and":[33,55,57,78,86,105,135,143,153,206,214],"transaction.":[38],"In":[39,188],"response":[40],"question,":[43],"the":[44,51,71,81,99,102,106,117,124,126,145,159,179,185,198,201,222,229,238],"authors,":[45],"with":[46],"comparative":[48],"look":[49],"at":[50],"laws":[52],"Iran":[54,205],"England":[56,207],"descriptive-analytical":[59],"approach,":[60],"concluded":[61],"that":[62,115,165],"it":[63,154],"possible":[65],"accept":[67],"measurement":[69],"under":[70],"title":[72],"\"suppliability\"":[74],"in":[75,208],"English":[76],"law":[77],"based":[79],"on":[80],"theory":[82],"\"Lord":[84,87],"Herschell\"":[85],"Parker\".":[88],"Also,":[89],"considering":[90,166],"Sad":[91],"Dharai":[92],"(Blocking":[93],"Means":[94],"Evil)[1],":[96],"leads":[97],"approval":[100],"mentioned":[103],"approach":[104,112,199],"acceptance":[107],"assessment.":[110],"This":[111],"briefly":[113],"states":[114],"if":[116,144],"merchant":[118],"cannot":[119],"supply":[120],"goods":[121],"when":[122],"presenting":[123],"offer,":[125],"should":[128],"considered":[130],"not":[136,174],"offer.":[138],"It":[139,234],"also":[141,183],"true":[142],"store":[146],"history":[149],"mass":[151],"production":[152],"was":[155],"as":[156,158,170,237],"much":[157],"customer's":[160],"or":[162,253],"more,":[163],"regarding":[164],"such":[167],"proposal":[169],"does":[173],"cause":[175],"breach":[177],"contract.":[180],"Trading":[181],"customs":[182],"strengthens":[184],"same":[186],"conclusion.":[187],"research,":[190],"attempt":[192],"made":[195],"examine":[197],"legal":[202],"systems":[203],"facing":[209],"similar":[210],"instances":[211],"treat.":[217],"[1]":[218],"preemption":[220],"means":[223],"evil":[225],"one":[227],"fundamental":[230],"principles":[231],"Sharia.":[233],"defined":[236],"prohibition":[239],"otherwise":[242],"permissible":[243],"matter":[244],"but":[245],"which":[246],"may":[247],"commit":[251],"corruptions":[252],"prohibitions.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}