{"id":"https://openalex.org/W6910840586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.18.2.1996&lt;/p&gt","title":"Beyond Hierarchy: Investigating the Role of Complex-Fluid Structures in the Accountability of Criminal Organizations","display_name":"Beyond Hierarchy: Investigating the Role of Complex-Fluid Structures in the Accountability of Criminal Organizations","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W6910840586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.18.2.1996&lt;/p&gt"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.usf.edu:gsp-1996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.18.2.1996&lt;/p&gt","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol18/iss2/8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196272","display_name":"Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","host_organization_name":"University of South Florida","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal","raw_type":"article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol18/iss2/8","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059990052","display_name":"Mar\u00eda Manuela M\u00e1rquez Vel\u00e1squez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2720-1024","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2720-1024"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M\u00e1rquez Vel\u00e1squez, Mar\u00eda Manuela","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054785743","display_name":"Rodrigo Moreno","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111262870","display_name":"Universitat de Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez d'Elx","ror":"https://ror.org/01azzms13","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moreno, Rodrigo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez de Elche"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez de Elche","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4640644,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14492","display_name":"War, Law, and Justice","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-organizations","display_name":"criminal organizations","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-hierarchy","display_name":"organizational hierarchy","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"accountability","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superior-responsibility","display_name":"superior responsibility","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-criminal-law","display_name":"international criminal law","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-atrocities","display_name":"mass atrocities","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authority-and-control","display_name":"authority and control","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mexico","display_name":"Mexico","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sierra-leone","display_name":"Sierra Leone","score":1.0}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.6646000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.6538000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778734905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15130689","display_name":"Reinterpretation","level":2,"score":0.5730999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2119116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181","display_name":"Globalization","level":2,"score":0.475600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4401000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4357999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.42260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992398822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1404417","display_name":"Criminal liability","level":3,"score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776157319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5185258","display_name":"Crime control","level":3,"score":0.3384000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37497375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623971","display_name":"Social control","level":2,"score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759524","display_name":"Organizational structure","level":2,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206836424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1510761","display_name":"Social change","level":2,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199286143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1404417","display_name":"Legal liability","level":3,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76458491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4430243","display_name":"Social organization","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63063934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079747","display_name":"Embeddedness","level":2,"score":0.24879999458789825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67469775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304922","display_name":"Social dynamics","level":2,"score":0.24869999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.24809999763965607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.24699999392032623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151913843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454555","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.24570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167037","display_name":"Corporation","level":2,"score":0.24560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.24529999494552612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.23890000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.23589999973773956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.23270000517368317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147598955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3427818","display_name":"Social responsibility","level":2,"score":0.23199999332427979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123138037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5570871","display_name":"Global network","level":2,"score":0.22840000689029694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.22360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63504599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2339766","display_name":"Economic globalization","level":3,"score":0.21619999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.20829999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137996800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762702","display_name":"Technological change","level":2,"score":0.20819999277591705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59149807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q705497","display_name":"Strict liability","level":3,"score":0.2061000019311905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39214371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19483216","display_name":"Organizational behavior","level":2,"score":0.20499999821186066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54726253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1326430","display_name":"Social contract","level":3,"score":0.20389999449253082}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.usf.edu:gsp-1996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.18.2.1996&lt;/p&gt","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol18/iss2/8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196272","display_name":"Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","host_organization_name":"University of South Florida","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.usf.edu:gsp-1996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.18.2.1996&lt;/p&gt","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol18/iss2/8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196272","display_name":"Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","host_organization_name":"University of South Florida","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.7604982852935791,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Globalization":[0],"and":[1,18,37,58,64,97,107,127],"technological":[2],"development":[3],"have":[4,28,47],"led":[5],"to":[6,13,50,102,151,153],"quick":[7],"transformations":[8],"in":[9,100,105],"criminal":[10],"organizations,":[11],"adapting":[12],"new":[14],"forms/degrees":[15],"of":[16,33,40,71,74,86,89,116,125,130,141,146],"control":[17],"hierarchy.":[19],"Existing":[20],"legal":[21],"frameworks":[22],"governing":[23],"responsibility":[24],"for":[25,120],"atrocity":[26],"crimes":[27],"developed":[29],"from":[30],"the":[31,69,84,114,122,128,139],"experiences":[32],"Western":[34],"(center)":[35],"countries":[36],"their":[38,65,78,149],"understanding":[39],"traditional":[41,72],"warfare":[42],"structures.":[43],"Thus,":[44],"peripheral":[45],"regions":[46],"been":[48],"forced":[49],"employ":[51],"doctrines":[52],"with":[53],"weak":[54],"sociological":[55],"basis.":[56],"New":[57],"conventional":[59],"local":[60],"dynamics":[61],"inside":[62],"organizations":[63,104],"consequential":[66],"fluidity":[67],"challenge":[68],"applicability":[70],"modes":[73,88,145],"liability":[75,90,147],"when":[76],"seeking":[77],"members\u2019":[79],"accountability.\\nThis":[80],"paper":[81],"inquires":[82],"about":[83],"suitability":[85],"two":[87],"under":[91],"ICL":[92],"\u2013perpetration":[93],"through":[94],"an":[95],"organization":[96],"superior":[98],"responsibility\u2013":[99],"responding":[101],"non-hierarchical-fluid":[103],"Mexico":[106],"Sierra":[108],"Leone.":[109],"Three":[110],"dimensions":[111],"are":[112],"stressed:":[113],"role":[115],"hierarchical":[117],"organizational":[118],"structures":[119],"accountability,":[121],"dynamic":[123],"nature":[124],"authority/control,":[126],"impact":[129],"subordinates\u2019":[131],"\u201creplaceability\u201d.":[132],"In":[133],"this":[134],"regard,":[135],"it":[136],"will":[137],"study":[138],"possibility":[140],"jointly":[142],"applying":[143],"different":[144],"and/or":[148],"reinterpretation":[150],"respond":[152],"various":[154],"social":[155],"contexts.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
