{"id":"https://openalex.org/W6889896090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30476/ijvlms.2025.105011.1324","title":"Development and Validation of the Academic Self-Handicapping Scale for Nursing and Midwifery Students: A Study of Reliability and Agreement","display_name":"Development and Validation of the Academic Self-Handicapping Scale for Nursing and Midwifery Students: A Study of Reliability and Agreement","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W6889896090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30476/ijvlms.2025.105011.1324"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:818f8c4a51e3463fa331b8b1840acaff","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30476/ijvlms.2025.105011.1324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/818f8c4a51e3463fa331b8b1840acaff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Virtual Learning in Medical Sciences, Vol 16, Iss 1, Pp 8-23 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doaj.org/article/818f8c4a51e3463fa331b8b1840acaff","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fatemeh Aliakbari Borovati","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154252","display_name":"Higher Education Complex of Bam","ror":"https://ror.org/03qvyj198","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154252"]}],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatemeh Aliakbari Borovati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Higher Education Complex of Bam, Kerman, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Higher Education Complex of Bam, Kerman, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049710760","display_name":"Naser Mohammadi Ahmadabadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0518-7873","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0518-7873"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55547365","display_name":"Payame Noor University","ror":"https://ror.org/031699d98","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55547365"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naser Mohammadi Ahmadabadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55547365"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024473736","display_name":"Shahrzad Sanjari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8773-5637","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8773-5637"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86959772","display_name":"Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01v8x0f60","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86959772"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahrzad Sanjari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geriatric Care Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geriatric Care Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86959772"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Alireza Keikha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64728393","display_name":"Farhangian University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rvhet58","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64728393"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alireza Keikha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Sciences, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Sciences, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64728393"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090552177","display_name":"Asma Bameri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3064-8389","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3064-8389"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asma Bameri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nusrat Abad Education Department, Zahedan, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nusrat Abad Education Department, Zahedan, Iran","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125144351","display_name":"Gholamhasan Panahi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64728393","display_name":"Farhangian University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rvhet58","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64728393"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gholamhasan Panahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Sciences, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Sciences, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64728393"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mohammadreza Mohamadi Soliemani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64728393","display_name":"Farhangian University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rvhet58","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64728393"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammadreza Mohamadi Soliemani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Sciences, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Sciences, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64728393"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33064682,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10547","display_name":"Education, Achievement, and Giftedness","score":0.2992999851703644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10547","display_name":"Education, Achievement, and Giftedness","score":0.2992999851703644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13117","display_name":"Health Education and Validation","score":0.2750999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14085","display_name":"Student Stress and Coping","score":0.17960000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-self-handicapping","display_name":"academic self-handicapping","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-development","display_name":"scale development","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing-students","display_name":"nursing students","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/midwifery-students","display_name":"midwifery students","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-motivation","display_name":"academic motivation","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety-and-worry","display_name":"anxiety and worry","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-management","display_name":"time management","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-support","display_name":"social support","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-validation","display_name":"scale validation","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometric-properties","display_name":"psychometric properties","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iranian-students","display_name":"Iranian students","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-stress","display_name":"academic stress","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-mental-health","display_name":"student mental health","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-mental-health-interventions","display_name":"student mental health interventions","score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-support-services","display_name":"student support services","score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.33000001311302185}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58916136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1663508","display_name":"Content validity","level":3,"score":0.6614999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100363876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690661","display_name":"Nonprobability sampling","level":3,"score":0.6571999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119002697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3376999","display_name":"LISREL","level":3,"score":0.6322000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5631999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5478000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40722632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160137","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.499099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49453240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163","display_name":"Construct validity","level":3,"score":0.49140000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70364389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18757","display_name":"Validity","level":3,"score":0.4797999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.46860000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.43380001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165957694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421350","display_name":"Exploratory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.40119999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183380357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1776598","display_name":"Cluster sampling","level":3,"score":0.391400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162446236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653137","display_name":"Content analysis","level":2,"score":0.36070001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106906290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140909","display_name":"Cronbach's alpha","level":3,"score":0.3422999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198999979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159115","display_name":"Concurrent validity","level":4,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131872663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418","display_name":"Obstetrics","level":1,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779703513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34581","display_name":"Childbirth","level":3,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:818f8c4a51e3463fa331b8b1840acaff","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30476/ijvlms.2025.105011.1324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/818f8c4a51e3463fa331b8b1840acaff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Virtual Learning in Medical Sciences, Vol 16, Iss 1, Pp 8-23 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:818f8c4a51e3463fa331b8b1840acaff","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30476/ijvlms.2025.105011.1324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/818f8c4a51e3463fa331b8b1840acaff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Virtual Learning in Medical Sciences, Vol 16, Iss 1, Pp 8-23 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8560000061988831,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.8278999924659729,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Academic":[1,209],"self-handicapping,":[2],"as":[3],"a":[4,28,111,233,251,285,309],"psychological":[5],"defense":[6],"strategy,":[7],"can":[8,329],"lead":[9],"to":[10,24,53,90,166,186,201,298,348],"reduced":[11],"academic":[12,30,95,350],"performance,":[13],"diminished":[14],"mental":[15,355],"health,":[16],"and":[17,26,36,59,77,85,135,149,156,159,164,173,180,197,211,214,217,223,272,275,311,320,336,339,346,352],"increased":[18],"stress":[19],"levels.":[20],"This":[21,41],"study":[22,44],"aimed":[23],"design":[25],"validate":[27],"new":[29,145,270],"self-handicapping":[31,316,335],"scale":[32,146,271,294,307],"tailored":[33],"for":[34,140,153,242,291,314],"nursing":[35,58,76,319],"midwifery":[37,60,78,321],"students":[38,79,108,322],"in":[39,47,69,232,323,342],"Iran.Methods:":[40],"mixed-methods":[42],"exploratory":[43],"was":[45,192,266,282],"conducted":[46,89],"two":[48],"phases":[49],"from":[50,296],"September":[51],"2021":[52],"February":[54],"2022":[55],"at":[56],"the":[57,72,92,98,102,144,188,245,269,273,292],"faculties":[61],"of":[62,94,106,228,235,244,289,334],"10":[63],"medical":[64],"universities":[65],"across":[66],"various":[67,332],"cities":[68],"Iran.":[70],"In":[71,97],"qualitative":[73],"phase,":[74,101],"30":[75],"were":[80,88,118,183],"selected":[81,109],"through":[82,110],"purposive":[83],"sampling,":[84],"semi-structured":[86],"interviews":[87,124],"identify":[91,331],"dimensions":[93,240,333],"self-handicapping.":[96],"cross-sectional":[99],"quantitative":[100],"statistical":[103],"population":[104],"consisted":[105],"1,080":[107],"multi-stage":[112],"cluster":[113],"sampling":[114],"method.":[115],"Qualitative":[116],"data":[117,246],"analyzed":[119],"using":[120,170],"thematic":[121],"analysis,":[122],"with":[123,147,194,284],"coded":[125],"iteratively.":[126],"Quantitative":[127],"analysis":[128],"involved":[129],"computing":[130],"Content":[131,136,190],"Validity":[132,137],"Ratio":[133],"(CVR)":[134],"Index":[138],"(CVI)":[139],"content":[141],"validity,":[142,155],"correlating":[143],"Jones":[148,274],"Rhodewalt's":[150,276],"questionnaire":[151],"(1982)":[152],"concurrent":[154,279],"employing":[157],"Exploratory":[158],"Confirmatory":[160],"Factor":[161],"Analyses":[162],"(EFA":[163],"CFA)":[165],"assess":[167],"construct":[168],"validity":[169,191],"SPSS":[171],"22":[172],"LISREL":[174],"8.":[175],"Descriptive":[176],"statistics,":[177],"Pearson":[178],"correlation,":[179],"Cronbach\u2019s":[181,286],"alpha":[182,287],"also":[184],"calculated":[185],"evaluate":[187],"reliability.Results:":[189],"confirmed":[193,283],"high":[195],"CVR":[196],"CVI":[198],"indices":[199],"(0.80":[200],"1.00).":[202],"The":[203,248,304],"EFA":[204],"revealed":[205],"five":[206,239],"main":[207],"dimensions:":[208],"Motivation":[210],"Goals,":[212],"Anxiety":[213],"Worries,":[215],"Communication":[216],"Technological":[218],"Challenges,":[219],"Time":[220],"Management":[221],"Skills,":[222],"Social":[224],"Support,":[225],"each":[226],"consisting":[227],"four":[229],"items,":[230],"resulting":[231],"total":[234,293],"20":[236],"items.":[237],"These":[238],"accounted":[241],"63.58%":[243],"variance.":[247],"CFA":[249],"indicated":[250],"good":[252],"model":[253],"fit":[254],"(\u03c7\u00b2/df=2.31,":[255],"RMSEA=0.056,":[256],"CF=0.94,":[257],"TLI=0.93,":[258],"SRMR=0.045).":[259],"A":[260],"significant":[261],"positive":[262],"correlation":[263],"(r=0.71,":[264],"p<0.001)":[265],"observed":[267],"between":[268],"questionnaire,":[277],"confirming":[278],"validity.":[280],"Reliability":[281],"coefficient":[288],"0.84":[290],"ranging":[295],"0.75":[297],"0.78,":[299],"indicating":[300],"strong":[301],"internal":[302],"consistency.Conclusion:":[303],"newly":[305],"developed":[306],"is":[308],"valid":[310],"reliable":[312],"tool":[313],"assessing":[315],"behaviors":[317],"among":[318],"Iran's":[324],"virtual":[325],"learning":[326],"environments.":[327],"It":[328],"help":[330],"support":[337,353],"researchers":[338],"educational":[340],"administrators":[341],"developing":[343],"effective":[344],"interventions":[345],"strategies":[347],"enhance":[349],"engagement":[351],"students\u2019":[354],"health.":[356]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}