{"id":"https://openalex.org/W6889821672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26207/hp23-p030","title":"Can Police-Initiated Non-Enforcement Contact Interventions be used as a Tool for Improving Police-Community Relationships? Findings From a Multi-Year Mixed-Method Study","display_name":"Can Police-Initiated Non-Enforcement Contact Interventions be used as a Tool for Improving Police-Community Relationships? Findings From a Multi-Year Mixed-Method Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W6889821672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26207/hp23-p030"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarsphere.psu.edu:eec57604-23ad-4896-8a28-e660ba5ca9c8","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarsphere.psu.edu/resources/ece33b82-9554-472b-8532-e546034b3956/downloads/46515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401507","display_name":"ScholarSphere (Penn State Libraries)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I3130638595","host_organization_name":"Pangasinan State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130638595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Presentation"},"volume":null,"type":"other","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://scholarsphere.psu.edu/resources/ece33b82-9554-472b-8532-e546034b3956/downloads/46515","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Katelyn Kurtz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katelyn Kurtz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kara Harbrige","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kara Harbrige","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ray Ncube","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ray Ncube","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001135362","display_name":"Nicholas James Rowland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2917-578X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2917-578X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas J. Rowland","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Alexander B. Kinney","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander B. Kinney","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033490452","display_name":"Nathan E. Kruis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2076-314X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2076-314X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan E. Kruis","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-community-relations","display_name":"police-community relations","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-policing","display_name":"community policing","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-intervention","display_name":"police intervention","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trust-in-police","display_name":"trust in police","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-community-interaction","display_name":"police-community interaction","score":0.3059999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5845000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.4961000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4000999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37720000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.3206000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11012388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170658","display_name":"Creativity","level":2,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53173841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897444","display_name":"Action research","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020759390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4880694","display_name":"Behaviour change","level":3,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarsphere.psu.edu:eec57604-23ad-4896-8a28-e660ba5ca9c8","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarsphere.psu.edu/resources/ece33b82-9554-472b-8532-e546034b3956/downloads/46515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401507","display_name":"ScholarSphere (Penn State Libraries)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I3130638595","host_organization_name":"Pangasinan State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130638595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Presentation"},{"id":"doi:10.26207/hp23-p030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26207/hp23-p030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26207/hp23-p030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401507","display_name":"ScholarSphere (Penn State Libraries)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I3130638595","host_organization_name":"Pangasinan State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130638595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarsphere.psu.edu:eec57604-23ad-4896-8a28-e660ba5ca9c8","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarsphere.psu.edu/resources/ece33b82-9554-472b-8532-e546034b3956/downloads/46515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401507","display_name":"ScholarSphere (Penn State Libraries)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I3130638595","host_organization_name":"Pangasinan State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130638595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Presentation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Katelyn":[0],"Kurtz,":[1],"Ray":[2],"Ncube,":[3],"and":[4,41,46,53],"Kara":[5],"Harbrige.":[6],"(2025).":[7],"\u201cCan":[8],"Police-initiated":[9],"Non-Enforcement":[10],"Contact":[11],"Interventions":[12],"be":[13],"used":[14],"as":[15],"a":[16,24],"Tool":[17],"for":[18],"Improving":[19],"Police-Community":[20],"Relationships?":[21],"Findings":[22],"From":[23],"Multi-year":[25],"Qualitative":[26],"Study.\u201d":[27],"Extensions":[28],"of":[29],"this":[30],"project":[31],"were":[32],"presented":[33],"at":[34],"the":[35],"Penn":[36,47],"State":[37,48],"Altoona":[38],"Undergraduate":[39,51],"Research":[40,52],"Creative":[42,54],"Activities":[43],"Fair":[44],"(URCAF)":[45],"Behrend-Sigma":[49],"Xi":[50],"Accomplishments":[55],"Conference.":[56]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}