{"id":"https://openalex.org/W68203315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203884430.ch15","title":"Observations of unsaturated soils by Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy in dynamic mode","display_name":"Observations of unsaturated soils by Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy in dynamic mode","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W68203315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203884430.ch15","mag":"68203315"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1201/9780203884430.ch15","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203884430.ch15","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203884430.ch15","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463973","display_name":"Taylor & Francis eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Unsaturated Soils. Advances in Geo-Engineering","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2504424254","display_name":"Unsaturated Soils. Advances in Geo-Engineering"},"type":"book-chapter","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1161255","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"T Smart","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T Smart","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061160324","display_name":"D. G. Toll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9440-9960","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9440-9960"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D Toll","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042810881","display_name":"A. CONGREVE","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Congreve","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054674939","display_name":"Charles E. Augarde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5576-7853","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5576-7853"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C Augarde","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013220138","display_name":"Domenico Gallipoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1576-0742","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1576-0742"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D Gallipoli","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108133638","display_name":"S\u00e9rgio D. N. Louren\u00e7o","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7534-8760","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7534-8760"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S Louren\u00e7o","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017645347","display_name":"Frank Evans","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F Evans","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5553,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82993327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"145","last_page":"150"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10716","display_name":"Soil and Unsaturated Flow","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10716","display_name":"Soil and Unsaturated Flow","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsaturated-soil","display_name":"unsaturated soil","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-scanning-electron-microscopy","display_name":"environmental scanning electron microscopy","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kaolin","display_name":"kaolin","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silica-microspheres","display_name":"silica microspheres","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meniscus-shape","display_name":"meniscus shape","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-rearrangement","display_name":"particle rearrangement","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-angle","display_name":"contact angle","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-water-interface","display_name":"air-water interface","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solid-water-interface","display_name":"solid-water interface","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-structure","display_name":"soil structure","score":0.7250000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.5927828550338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26771246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321095","display_name":"Scanning electron microscope","level":2,"score":0.5875486731529236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.49262291193008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4922756254673004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55171895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q268401","display_name":"Environmental scanning electron microscope","level":3,"score":0.41953787207603455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3931768238544464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.35063546895980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.17297786474227905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.12566518783569336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1201/9780203884430.ch15","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203884430.ch15","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203884430.ch15","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463973","display_name":"Taylor & Francis eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Unsaturated Soils. Advances in Geo-Engineering","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dro.dur.ac.uk.OAI2:5135","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dro.dur.ac.uk/5135/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Toll, D. G. & Augarde, C. E. & Gallipoli, D. & Wheeler, S. J. (Eds.). (2008). Unsaturated soils : advances in geo-engineering : proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Unsaturated Soils, E-UNSAT 2008, Durham, United Kingdom, 2-4 July 2008. Abingdon, Oxon: Taylor & Francis, pp. 145-150","raw_type":"Book chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:56956","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/56956/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405259220","host_organization_name":"Institut Agama Islam Negeri Langsa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259220"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Proceedings"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/:1161255","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1161255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Presentation / Conference Contribution"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:19426","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/19426/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/194307","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/194307","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference_Paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/:1161255","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1161255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Presentation / Conference Contribution"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W47601804","https://openalex.org/W1977985814","https://openalex.org/W1990188332","https://openalex.org/W1996923294","https://openalex.org/W2018605297","https://openalex.org/W2018877650","https://openalex.org/W2029033760","https://openalex.org/W2034294557","https://openalex.org/W2043450724","https://openalex.org/W2046654666","https://openalex.org/W2051991854","https://openalex.org/W2058033197","https://openalex.org/W2070209116","https://openalex.org/W2076284448","https://openalex.org/W2087412186","https://openalex.org/W2093138918","https://openalex.org/W2098806656","https://openalex.org/W2103723225","https://openalex.org/W2110480418","https://openalex.org/W2120726483","https://openalex.org/W2145262343","https://openalex.org/W2163719629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2071962269","https://openalex.org/W2323348142","https://openalex.org/W6981061783","https://openalex.org/W2465555055","https://openalex.org/W2181880648","https://openalex.org/W2082344105","https://openalex.org/W7163681154","https://openalex.org/W1971370404","https://openalex.org/W1965382655","https://openalex.org/W4232553163"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Environmental":[1],"Scanning":[2],"Electron":[3],"Microscope":[4],"(ESEM)":[5],"allows":[6],"observation":[7],"of":[8,37,49,66,73,106,126],"hydrated":[9],"samples":[10],"in":[11,27],"their":[12],"original":[13],"state.":[14],"Imaging":[15],"can":[16],"be":[17],"done":[18],"at":[19,76],"a":[20,32],"constant":[21,77],"vapour":[22,39],"pressure":[23,40],"and":[24,63,68,86,96,102,104,119,133],"temperature":[25],"or":[26],"dynamic":[28,51],"conditions":[29],"to":[30,35,71,130],"observe":[31],"sample":[33],"response":[34,65],"changes":[36],"water":[38],"and/or":[41],"temperature.":[42,78],"This":[43],"paper":[44],"focuses":[45],"on":[46,60,88],"the":[47,50,61,84,89,113,117,127],"use":[48],"'mode'":[52],"for":[53],"unsaturated":[54,131],"soils":[55,132],"studies.":[56],"Examples":[57],"are":[58,135],"presented":[59],"hydraulic":[62],"structural":[64],"kaolin":[67],"silica":[69],"microspheres":[70],"cycles":[72,85],"relative":[74],"humidity":[75],"Qualitative":[79],"observations":[80],"were":[81],"made":[82],"throughout":[83],"focused":[87],"particle":[90,100],"level":[91],"phenomena":[92,98],"(e.g.,":[93,99],"meniscus":[94],"shape)":[95],"mesoscale":[97],"re-arrangements":[101],"emptying":[103],"filling":[105],"pores).":[107],"Some":[108],"quantification":[109],"was":[110,122],"also":[111],"possible:":[112],"contact":[114],"angle":[115],"between":[116],"air-water":[118],"water-solid":[120],"interfaces":[121],"measured.":[123],"Other":[124],"applications":[125],"ESEM":[128],"technique":[129],"limitations":[134],"discussed.":[136],"\u00a9":[137],"2008":[138],"Taylor":[139],"&":[140],"Francis":[141],"Group,":[142],"London.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}