{"id":"https://openalex.org/W67966034","doi":null,"title":"Processing lunar soils for oxygen and other materials","display_name":"Processing lunar soils for oxygen and other materials","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W67966034","mag":"67966034"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:casi.ntrs.nasa.gov:19930007700","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930007700","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930007700","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402118","display_name":"NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210124779","host_organization_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CASI","raw_type":"NASA. Johnson Space Center, Space Resources. Volume 3: Materials; p 186-194"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930007700","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Christian Knudsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4722-7678","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4722-7678"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Knudsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carbotek, Inc. Houston, TX, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4722-7678","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carbotek, Inc. Houston, TX, United States","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113578688","display_name":"Michael A. Gibson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael A. Gibson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00742019,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"509","issue":null,"first_page":"186","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10406","display_name":"Planetary Science and Exploration","score":0.3488999903202057,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10406","display_name":"Planetary Science and Exploration","score":0.3488999903202057,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14214","display_name":"Space Exploration and Technology","score":0.14380000531673431,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11802","display_name":"Chemical Looping and Thermochemical Processes","score":0.0917000025510788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lunar-oxygen-production","display_name":"lunar oxygen production","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lunar-regolith-processing","display_name":"lunar regolith processing","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ilmenite","display_name":"ilmenite","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicate","display_name":"silicate","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anorthite","display_name":"anorthite","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-reduction","display_name":"hydrogen reduction","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrochemical-reduction","display_name":"electrochemical reduction","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-reduction","display_name":"chemical reduction","score":0.9929999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780375929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190729","display_name":"Ilmenite","level":2,"score":0.930993914604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41642174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106551","display_name":"Regolith","level":2,"score":0.5520607829093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206139338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192355","display_name":"Raw material","level":2,"score":0.5405690670013428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25115569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995444","display_name":"Mineral processing","level":2,"score":0.4862350523471832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777139587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1037499","display_name":"Lunar soil","level":2,"score":0.4766189157962799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778993962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244994","display_name":"Anorthite","level":2,"score":0.4212014079093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.39535075426101685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3126275837421417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.30533918738365173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.29685866832733154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87355193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411","display_name":"Astrobiology","level":1,"score":0.29115188121795654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.2663099765777588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.23828768730163574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0987524688243866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:casi.ntrs.nasa.gov:19930007700","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930007700","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930007700","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402118","display_name":"NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210124779","host_organization_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CASI","raw_type":"NASA. Johnson Space Center, Space Resources. Volume 3: Materials; p 186-194"},{"id":"mag:67966034","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930007700","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:casi.ntrs.nasa.gov:19930007700","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930007700","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930007700","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402118","display_name":"NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210124779","host_organization_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CASI","raw_type":"NASA. Johnson Space Center, Space Resources. Volume 3: Materials; p 186-194"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.807699978351593,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W67966034.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W67966034.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W106479809","https://openalex.org/W785749484","https://openalex.org/W794709853","https://openalex.org/W801159180","https://openalex.org/W2023113833"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2896904973","https://openalex.org/W1623006236","https://openalex.org/W142124932","https://openalex.org/W848263548","https://openalex.org/W2059213372","https://openalex.org/W7001300104","https://openalex.org/W1609205156","https://openalex.org/W795035154","https://openalex.org/W1627015119","https://openalex.org/W312333051"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Two":[0],"types":[1],"of":[2,74,81,113,207],"lunar":[3,9,20,115,181],"materials":[4,62],"are":[5,19,31,87,196],"excellent":[6],"candidates":[7],"for":[8,50],"oxygen":[10,51],"production:":[11],"ilmenite":[12,75,209],"and":[13,27,53,60,76,78,93,97,123,125,156,170,177,217],"silicates":[14,30],"such":[15],"as":[16,41,66,107],"anorthite.":[17],"Both":[18],"surface":[21],"minable,":[22],"occurring":[23],"in":[24,84,89],"soils,":[25],"breccias,":[26],"basalts.":[28],"Because":[29],"considerably":[32],"more":[33,133,146,154,161],"abundant":[34],"than":[35],"ilmenite,":[36],"they":[37,152],"may":[38,144,166],"be":[39,64],"preferred":[40],"source":[42],"materials.":[43],"Depending":[44],"on":[45],"the":[46,54,128,160,179],"processing":[47,69,116,130,169,182],"method":[48],"chosen":[49],"production":[52],"feedstock":[55],"material,":[56],"various":[57],"useful":[58],"metals":[59],"bulk":[61,212],"can":[63],"produced":[65],"byproducts.":[67],"Available":[68],"techniques":[70],"include":[71],"hydrogen":[72],"reduction":[73],"electrochemical":[77],"chemical":[79],"reductions":[80],"silicates.":[82],"Processes":[83],"these":[85],"categories":[86],"generally":[88],"preliminary":[90],"development":[91,98,126],"stages":[92],"need":[94],"significant":[95],"research":[96,124],"support":[99],"to":[100,103,139,158,175,210],"carry":[101],"them":[102],"practical":[104],"deployment,":[105],"particularly":[106],"a":[108],"lunar-based":[109],"operation.":[110],"The":[111,193],"goal":[112],"beginning":[114],"operations":[117],"by":[118],"2010":[119],"requires":[120],"that":[121,136],"planning":[122],"emphasize":[127],"simplest":[129],"schemes.":[131],"However,":[132],"complex":[134,162],"schemes":[135,165],"now":[137],"appear":[138],"present":[140],"difficult":[141,164],"technical":[142],"challenges":[143],"offer":[145],"valuable":[147],"metal":[148],"byproducts":[149],"later.":[150],"While":[151],"require":[153],"time":[155],"effort":[157],"perfect,":[159],"or":[163],"provide":[167],"important":[168],"product":[171],"improvements":[172],"with":[173],"which":[174],"extend":[176],"elaborate":[178],"initial":[180],"facilities.":[183],"A":[184],"balanced":[185],"R&D":[186],"program":[187],"should":[188],"take":[189],"this":[190],"into":[191],"account.":[192],"following":[194],"topics":[195],"discussed:":[197],"(1)":[198],"ilmenite--semi-continuous":[199],"process;":[200],"(2)":[201],"ilmenite--continuous":[202],"fluid-bed":[203],"reduction;":[204,216],"(3)":[205],"utilization":[206],"spent":[208],"produce":[211],"materials;":[213],"(4)":[214],"silicates--electrochemical":[215],"(5)":[218],"silicates--chemical":[219],"reduction.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}