{"id":"https://openalex.org/W67311170","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-099-7_4","title":"Biological vs Legal Age of Living Individuals","display_name":"Biological vs Legal Age of Living Individuals","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W67311170","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-099-7_4","mag":"67311170"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-099-7_4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-099-7_4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-099-7_4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463399","display_name":"Humana Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315801","host_organization_name":"Humana Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315801","https://openalex.org/P4310319900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Humana Press","Springer Science+Business Media"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Medicine","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2493656094","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Medicine"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087798794","display_name":"Francesco Introna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8219-5467","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8219-5467"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","display_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","ror":"https://ror.org/027ynra39","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Introna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Section of Legal Medicine (DiMIMP), University of Bari, Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Section of Legal Medicine (DiMIMP), University of Bari, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048846087","display_name":"Carlo Pietro Campobasso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2865-0673","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2865-0673"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","display_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","ror":"https://ror.org/027ynra39","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlo P. Campobasso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Section of Legal Medicine (DiMIMP), University of Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Section of Legal Medicine (DiMIMP), University of Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":28.8773,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99258368,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"57","last_page":"82"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12235","display_name":"Child Abuse and Related Trauma","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10751","display_name":"Forensic and Genetic Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forensic-age-estimation","display_name":"forensic age estimation","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-age","display_name":"biological age","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-age","display_name":"legal age","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexual-maturity","display_name":"sexual maturity","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-maturity","display_name":"dental maturation","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skeletal-maturity","display_name":"skeletal maturity","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subadults","display_name":"subadults","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronological-age","display_name":"chronological age","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maturity-index","display_name":"maturity index","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin-of-error","display_name":"margin of error","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forensic-medicine","display_name":"forensic medicine","score":0.30399999022483826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991747559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915075","display_name":"Biological age","level":2,"score":0.7767512798309326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101433766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3543263","display_name":"Maturity (psychological)","level":2,"score":0.6319113373756409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192536144","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609370","display_name":"Sexual maturity","level":2,"score":0.6034405827522278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.5337864756584167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1516282","display_name":"Juvenile","level":2,"score":0.5152023434638977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4584931433200836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986834420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5932254","display_name":"Age groups","level":2,"score":0.4536017179489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.4357995390892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140505726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q495304","display_name":"Forensic science","level":2,"score":0.429605096578598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3824930191040039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.32065531611442566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.27999937534332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.22191846370697021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.17093679308891296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.15944427251815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.10687634348869324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.08589640259742737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42972112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170201","display_name":"Veterinary medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-099-7_4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-099-7_4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-099-7_4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463399","display_name":"Humana Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315801","host_organization_name":"Humana Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315801","https://openalex.org/P4310319900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Humana Press","Springer Science+Business Media"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Medicine","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.905.6844","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.905.6844","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://eknygos.lsmuni.lt/springer/657/57-82.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unicampania.it:11591/369091","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11591/369091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055255","display_name":"Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania \"Luigi Vanvitelli\"","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ricerca.uniba.it:11586/20537","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11586/20537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196296","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","host_organization_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":86,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W47778762","https://openalex.org/W62325637","https://openalex.org/W79742941","https://openalex.org/W81766415","https://openalex.org/W105864057","https://openalex.org/W188530110","https://openalex.org/W286702764","https://openalex.org/W577988660","https://openalex.org/W593369187","https://openalex.org/W618447248","https://openalex.org/W631965206","https://openalex.org/W746183065","https://openalex.org/W794266739","https://openalex.org/W1166395445","https://openalex.org/W1258977857","https://openalex.org/W1489609992","https://openalex.org/W1490659089","https://openalex.org/W1493822211","https://openalex.org/W1498118683","https://openalex.org/W1505927506","https://openalex.org/W1512552433","https://openalex.org/W1566766525","https://openalex.org/W1585340447","https://openalex.org/W1604422244","https://openalex.org/W1605843875","https://openalex.org/W1608336037","https://openalex.org/W1899596436","https://openalex.org/W1965561480","https://openalex.org/W1965802366","https://openalex.org/W1971002855","https://openalex.org/W1975075234","https://openalex.org/W1975234934","https://openalex.org/W1976011969","https://openalex.org/W1976846109","https://openalex.org/W1981543190","https://openalex.org/W1989831107","https://openalex.org/W1990692983","https://openalex.org/W1991282702","https://openalex.org/W1996268601","https://openalex.org/W2003845118","https://openalex.org/W2003935065","https://openalex.org/W2004167494","https://openalex.org/W2008966390","https://openalex.org/W2009721874","https://openalex.org/W2012336837","https://openalex.org/W2018025896","https://openalex.org/W2020626965","https://openalex.org/W2028170196","https://openalex.org/W2032960260","https://openalex.org/W2033755625","https://openalex.org/W2036407016","https://openalex.org/W2045154438","https://openalex.org/W2047274139","https://openalex.org/W2048335954","https://openalex.org/W2050292561","https://openalex.org/W2051236599","https://openalex.org/W2068327088","https://openalex.org/W2081885035","https://openalex.org/W2094793287","https://openalex.org/W2101244788","https://openalex.org/W2105946398","https://openalex.org/W2115804095","https://openalex.org/W2116949630","https://openalex.org/W2125245099","https://openalex.org/W2127818373","https://openalex.org/W2149740962","https://openalex.org/W2150549871","https://openalex.org/W2152200595","https://openalex.org/W2158373017","https://openalex.org/W2161209070","https://openalex.org/W2170052095","https://openalex.org/W2171110442","https://openalex.org/W2171589158","https://openalex.org/W2286136905","https://openalex.org/W2312070181","https://openalex.org/W2320434606","https://openalex.org/W2415899499","https://openalex.org/W2419360608","https://openalex.org/W2771758627","https://openalex.org/W2891282333","https://openalex.org/W2905505980","https://openalex.org/W2907041406","https://openalex.org/W3009895027","https://openalex.org/W4237708281","https://openalex.org/W4246117510","https://openalex.org/W4246645469"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2903013374","https://openalex.org/W1946359229","https://openalex.org/W7123344395","https://openalex.org/W2397280858","https://openalex.org/W7135744130","https://openalex.org/W2501044410","https://openalex.org/W2460856927","https://openalex.org/W2281302688","https://openalex.org/W2889129366","https://openalex.org/W2976827424"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,132,159],"demand":[1],"of":[2,32,37,89,102,118,134],"forensic":[3,195],"age":[4,23,42,75,86,186],"determination":[5],"in":[6,16,41,67,105,139,194],"living":[7,140],"individuals":[8],"deals":[9],"mostly":[10],"with":[11,64,176],"juvenile":[12],"or":[13,78,109,150],"subadults":[14],"because":[15,178],"most":[17,101],"European":[18],"countries,":[19],"the":[20,27,35,90,113,116,164,179],"legally":[21],"relevant":[22],"limit":[24],"ranges":[25],"between":[26,121,127,182],"14th":[28],"and":[29,54,72,98,123,125,129,171,184],"21st":[30],"year":[31],"life.":[33],"Among":[34],"variety":[36],"scientific":[38],"procedures":[39],"available":[40,165],"assessment,":[43],"there":[44,60],"is":[45,93],"wide":[46],"agreement":[47],"that":[48],"methods":[49],"based":[50],"on":[51,112],"sexual,":[52],"skeletal,":[53],"dental":[55],"maturity":[56,71,169,183],"are":[57,61],"suitable.":[58],"Unfortunately,":[59],"obviously":[62],"problems":[63],"using":[65],"\u201cage\u201d":[66],"a":[68,106,188],"system":[69],"measuring":[70],"therefore,":[73],"biological":[74,128],"(sexual,":[76],"dental,":[77],"skeletal)":[79],"does":[80],"not":[81],"always":[82],"correspond":[83],"to":[84,96,191],"chronological":[85,185],"(legal).":[87],"None":[88],"modern":[91],"techniques":[92],"both":[94],"easy":[95],"use":[97,162],"practical,":[99],"as":[100,144],"them":[103],"result":[104],"slight":[107],"over-":[108],"underestimation,":[110],"depending":[111],"applied":[114],"method,":[115],"range":[117],"human":[119],"variation":[120],"sex":[122],"population,":[124],"discrepancies":[126],"legal":[130],"age.":[131],"margin":[133],"error":[135],"can":[136],"be":[137],"substantial":[138],"individuals,":[141],"sometimes":[142],"by":[143,156],"much":[145],"2\u20133":[146],"yr":[147],"either":[148],"side,":[149],"at":[151],"best,":[152],"12":[153],"mo,":[154],"even":[155],"combined":[157],"methods.":[158],"physician":[160],"should":[161],"all":[163],"evidence,":[166],"including":[167],"multiple":[168],"indicators,":[170],"must":[172],"approach":[173],"each":[174],"case":[175],"caution,":[177],"poor":[180],"correlation":[181],"represents":[187],"fundamental":[189],"limitation":[190],"age-determination":[192],"practices":[193],"settings.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}