{"id":"https://openalex.org/W657402562","doi":null,"title":"Sizing up U.S. export disincentives","display_name":"Sizing up U.S. export disincentives","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W657402562","mag":"657402562"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:657402562","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA21755844","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"book","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110100153","display_name":"J. David Richardson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. David Richardson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110100153"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30584708,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12428","display_name":"Global Trade and Competitiveness","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14112","display_name":"Economic, financial, and policy analysis","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-trade-policy","display_name":"United States trade policy","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-deficit","display_name":"trade deficit","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/export-controls","display_name":"export controls","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sanctions","display_name":"sanctions","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/export-competitiveness","display_name":"export competitiveness","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-health-and-safety-regulation","display_name":"occupational health and safety regulation","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-control","display_name":"environmental control","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-barriers","display_name":"trade barriers","score":0.5249999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778069335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32098","display_name":"Sanctions","level":2,"score":0.7416237592697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.6526724100112915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.6296311616897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140413371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q572564","display_name":"Commercial policy","level":2,"score":0.5367902517318726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4818247854709625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182769425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377302","display_name":"Trade barrier","level":2,"score":0.45078033208847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.44446682929992676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22674136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192796","display_name":"Balance of trade","level":2,"score":0.41748785972595215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776988154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66100","display_name":"Exchange rate","level":2,"score":0.41285932064056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105639569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577","display_name":"Economic policy","level":1,"score":0.3724731206893921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.11911863088607788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.09058919548988342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:657402562","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA21755844","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7052460932","https://openalex.org/W2327937261","https://openalex.org/W7047619864","https://openalex.org/W1965412476","https://openalex.org/W2416316418","https://openalex.org/W2356569488","https://openalex.org/W132608502","https://openalex.org/W3045738760","https://openalex.org/W636454353","https://openalex.org/W2124991187"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,38,99],"debate":[1],"on":[2,13,21,29],"US":[3,8,41,58,65,73,86,116],"trade":[4,9,30,33],"policy":[5,107],"and":[6,18,26,28,32,77,80,96],"the":[7,109,114,122],"deficit":[10],"usually":[11],"focuses":[12],"macroeconomic":[14],"policies":[15,23,31,66,82],"including":[16,75],"budgets":[17],"exchange":[19],"rates,":[20],"structural":[22],"(especially":[24],"taxes":[25],"antitrust)":[27],"barriers":[34,43],"in":[35,108,121],"other":[36],"countries.":[37],"effects":[39],"of":[40,53,55,57],"export":[42,59,78,87],"are":[44],"largely":[45],"ignored":[46],"even":[47],"though":[48],"they":[49],"may":[50,68],"deter":[51],"tens":[52],"billions":[54],"dollars":[56],"sales":[60],"annually.":[61],"This":[62],"study":[63],"assesses":[64],"that":[67,83],"act":[69],"as":[70,90],"disincentives":[71],"for":[72,113],"exports,":[74],"sanctions":[76],"controls":[79],"domestic":[81],"inadvertently":[84],"impair":[85],"competitiveness":[88],"such":[89],"occupational":[91],"health":[92],"or":[93],"safety":[94],"regulations":[95],"environmental":[97],"controls.":[98],"book":[100],"recommends":[101],"a":[102],"more":[103],"balanced":[104],"approach":[105],"to":[106,111,118],"future":[110],"account":[112],"increased":[115],"need":[117],"compete":[119],"effectively":[120],"world":[123],"economy.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-26T11:51:55.731654","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
