{"id":"https://openalex.org/W657141386","doi":null,"title":"Examining General Deterrence Using Data from the National Football League","display_name":"Examining General Deterrence Using Data from the National Football League","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W657141386","mag":"657141386"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:drum.lib.umd.edu:1903/15269","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1903/15269","pdf_url":"https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstreams/7be3b8b8-7073-4482-8d8f-3e3a74be5c19/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401518","display_name":"University Libraries (University of Maryland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstreams/7be3b8b8-7073-4482-8d8f-3e3a74be5c19/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004330753","display_name":"Sarah J. Greenman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6922-7578","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6922-7578"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sarah J. Greenman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004330753"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":0.6352999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":0.6352999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.32010000944137573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.013799999840557575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-deterrence","display_name":"general deterrence","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deterrence-theory","display_name":"deterrence theory","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/punishment","display_name":"punishment","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-violations","display_name":"rule violations","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-football-league","display_name":"National Football League","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fines","display_name":"fines","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certainty-of-punishment","display_name":"certainty of punishment","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severity-of-punishment","display_name":"severity of punishment","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/team-performance","display_name":"team performance","score":0.44200000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780982575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332142","display_name":"Deterrence (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7968128323554993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778444522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1081491","display_name":"Football","level":2,"score":0.7929680347442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207456731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660818","display_name":"League","level":2,"score":0.7764793038368225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779295839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3544090","display_name":"Punishment (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7549239993095398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60643870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949683","display_name":"Deterrence theory","level":2,"score":0.6246390342712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7493553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520777","display_name":"Certainty","level":2,"score":0.6200360655784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.5995611548423767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.547329843044281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691543","display_name":"Pace","level":2,"score":0.49124473333358765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4484180212020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.35649722814559937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2696011960506439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.18357205390930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11274054646492004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:drum.lib.umd.edu:1903/15269","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1903/15269","pdf_url":"https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstreams/7be3b8b8-7073-4482-8d8f-3e3a74be5c19/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401518","display_name":"University Libraries (University of Maryland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},{"id":"mag:657141386","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/15269","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:drum.lib.umd.edu:1903/15269","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1903/15269","pdf_url":"https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstreams/7be3b8b8-7073-4482-8d8f-3e3a74be5c19/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401518","display_name":"University Libraries (University of Maryland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8046000003814697,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W657141386.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W657141386.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":107,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W20550014","https://openalex.org/W42215106","https://openalex.org/W124159049","https://openalex.org/W155565929","https://openalex.org/W155983661","https://openalex.org/W172439681","https://openalex.org/W591137247","https://openalex.org/W610943252","https://openalex.org/W624401662","https://openalex.org/W1490091093","https://openalex.org/W1510455919","https://openalex.org/W1511395520","https://openalex.org/W1514407685","https://openalex.org/W1535119013","https://openalex.org/W1547619955","https://openalex.org/W1565374903","https://openalex.org/W1585084126","https://openalex.org/W1590977008","https://openalex.org/W1603140219","https://openalex.org/W1605350998","https://openalex.org/W1681189912","https://openalex.org/W1896971076","https://openalex.org/W1953003330","https://openalex.org/W1966791348","https://openalex.org/W1973741043","https://openalex.org/W1976876708","https://openalex.org/W1981031576","https://openalex.org/W1981359975","https://openalex.org/W1983452856","https://openalex.org/W1987377770","https://openalex.org/W1987416903","https://openalex.org/W2001355328","https://openalex.org/W2002051665","https://openalex.org/W2002087186","https://openalex.org/W2008961057","https://openalex.org/W2010726860","https://openalex.org/W2013447166","https://openalex.org/W2024147404","https://openalex.org/W2024625110","https://openalex.org/W2024756800","https://openalex.org/W2025083892","https://openalex.org/W2026438614","https://openalex.org/W2028621696","https://openalex.org/W2030707038","https://openalex.org/W2035080918","https://openalex.org/W2037062993","https://openalex.org/W2038703593","https://openalex.org/W2041240126","https://openalex.org/W2046627915","https://openalex.org/W2047538566","https://openalex.org/W2048777323","https://openalex.org/W2049875934","https://openalex.org/W2049914261","https://openalex.org/W2051917564","https://openalex.org/W2052131149","https://openalex.org/W2053855751","https://openalex.org/W2058719260","https://openalex.org/W2059396148","https://openalex.org/W2060401265","https://openalex.org/W2074318684","https://openalex.org/W2075928134","https://openalex.org/W2082028818","https://openalex.org/W2085767367","https://openalex.org/W2090443034","https://openalex.org/W2094028163","https://openalex.org/W2097511126","https://openalex.org/W2098403338","https://openalex.org/W2102664070","https://openalex.org/W2102909464","https://openalex.org/W2103045792","https://openalex.org/W2107010824","https://openalex.org/W2108391206","https://openalex.org/W2112348462","https://openalex.org/W2121136698","https://openalex.org/W2122107885","https://openalex.org/W2125710370","https://openalex.org/W2128676488","https://openalex.org/W2133469585","https://openalex.org/W2136468259","https://openalex.org/W2136741965","https://openalex.org/W2137258537","https://openalex.org/W2145486747","https://openalex.org/W2154517265","https://openalex.org/W2160423298","https://openalex.org/W2162803593","https://openalex.org/W2164503024","https://openalex.org/W2168110898","https://openalex.org/W2170013373","https://openalex.org/W2170195407","https://openalex.org/W2189821821","https://openalex.org/W2321070518","https://openalex.org/W2321245530","https://openalex.org/W2325614641","https://openalex.org/W2325888315","https://openalex.org/W2476399567","https://openalex.org/W2790558346","https://openalex.org/W2797623364","https://openalex.org/W2802109227","https://openalex.org/W2891943110","https://openalex.org/W2908527978","https://openalex.org/W3023711749","https://openalex.org/W3124153030","https://openalex.org/W3125226067","https://openalex.org/W3125384899","https://openalex.org/W3125544968","https://openalex.org/W3149597340","https://openalex.org/W4241843607"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2620777005","https://openalex.org/W2558903220","https://openalex.org/W2676879481","https://openalex.org/W1491644285","https://openalex.org/W2140222687","https://openalex.org/W46805182","https://openalex.org/W3199813490","https://openalex.org/W170299159","https://openalex.org/W2306498378","https://openalex.org/W3200584796"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,151],"date,":[1],"research":[2,27,129,156],"studies":[3,92],"have":[4],"found":[5],"only":[6],"mild":[7],"support":[8,16,21,344],"for":[9,17,22,259,283,295,345],"classic":[10],"deterrence":[11,91,232],"theory":[12],"with":[13,112],"the":[14,29,59,65,76,101,122,158,169,175,192,202,206,213,234,264,269,334],"greatest":[15],"increased":[18,23,32],"certainty,":[19],"little":[20],"severity,":[24],"and":[25,48,78,114,163,177,189,212,244,273,277,298,339],"scant":[26],"on":[28,45,166],"effect":[30,74,159,203],"of":[31,35,62,75,80,89,97,106,121,135,160,194,204,210,215,230,239,266,271,317],"celerity.":[33],"Much":[34],"this":[36,128,139,153,155,321],"prior":[37,90,145],"literature":[38],"has":[39,182],"used":[40],"scenario-based":[41],"data,":[42],"relied":[43],"heavily":[44],"student":[46],"samples,":[47],"explored":[49],"rule":[50,107,252],"breaking":[51,253],"behavior":[52,167,331],"over":[53],"relatively":[54],"short":[55],"time":[56],"periods.":[57],"Finally,":[58],"slow":[60],"pace":[61],"punishment":[63,146,195,327],"within":[64,168],"criminal":[66],"justice":[67],"system":[68],"potentially":[69],"reduces":[70,147],"any":[71],"existing":[72],"deterrent":[73],"certainty":[77],"severity":[79],"punishment.":[81,220],"This":[82],"dissertation":[83,140,322],"seeks":[84,141],"to":[85,142,199,249,310],"address":[86,152],"these":[87,311],"limitations":[88],"by":[93],"using":[94],"13":[95],"years":[96],"data":[98],"(2000-2012)":[99],"from":[100],"National":[102,170,235],"Football":[103,171,236],"League":[104,172],"consisting":[105],"breakers":[108],"who":[109],"are":[110,288],"punished":[111],"penalties":[113,162,243,272,297,306],"monetary":[115],"fines":[116,165,245,274],"almost":[117,216],"immediately":[118],"upon":[119],"discovery":[120],"infraction.":[123],"The":[124,180,221,280],"main":[125],"question":[126],"driving":[127],"is":[130,133,224,227],"whether":[131,144],"there":[132,226],"evidence":[134,229,325],"general":[136,231,346],"deterrence.":[137,347],"Specifically,":[138,242],"determine":[143],"current":[148],"rule-breaking":[149,330],"behavior.":[150,254],"question,":[154],"explores":[157],"on-field":[161],"post-game":[164],"at":[173,332],"both":[174],"league":[176,337],"team":[178,335],"levels.":[179],"dataset":[181],"several":[183],"rare":[184],"characteristics":[185],"including:":[186],"large":[187],"variety":[188],"detail":[190],"in":[191,233,291],"types":[193,316],"administered,":[196],"an":[197],"opportunity":[198],"directly":[200],"observe":[201],"punishment,":[205,211],"near":[207],"immediate":[208],"imposition":[209],"transmission":[214],"perfect":[217],"information":[218],"about":[219],"primary":[222],"finding":[223],"that":[225,304,326],"no":[228,324],"League,":[237],"independent":[238],"control":[240],"variables.":[241],"do":[246],"not":[247,342],"appear":[248],"prevent":[250],"future":[251,329],"In":[255,319],"general,":[256],"when":[257],"controlling":[258],"particular":[260],"seasons,":[261,284],"opponents,":[262,285],"or":[263,286,336],"record":[265,287],"a":[267],"team,":[268],"effects":[270],"loose":[275],"significance":[276,294],"approach":[278],"zero.":[279],"different":[281],"controls":[282],"fairly":[289],"consistent":[290],"their":[292],"statistical":[293],"all":[296,315],"violent":[299,305],"penalties,":[300],"although":[301],"it":[302],"appears":[303],"vary":[307],"less":[308],"according":[309],"outside":[312],"factors":[313],"than":[314],"penalties.":[318],"sum,":[320],"finds":[323],"affects":[328],"either":[333],"level":[338],"thus,":[340],"does":[341],"provide":[343]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
