{"id":"https://openalex.org/W6557982","doi":null,"title":"Brain abnormalities in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review.","display_name":"Brain abnormalities in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review.","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W6557982","mag":"6557982","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25252664"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:25252664","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25252664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Revista de neurologia","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071118473","display_name":"Katya Rubia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1410-7701","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1410-7701"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katya Rubia","raw_affiliation_strings":["King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, Reino Unido"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, Reino Unido","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091689995","display_name":"Analuc\u00eda A. Alegr\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6044-3311","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6044-3311"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Analuc\u00eda A Alegr\u00eda","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027880878","display_name":"Helen Brinson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helen Brinson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0112,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":96,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9678691,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"58 Suppl 1","issue":null,"first_page":"S3","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10537","display_name":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10537","display_name":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder","display_name":"attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-abnormalities","display_name":"brain abnormalities","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fronto-striatal-network","display_name":"fronto-striatal network","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ventrolateral-prefrontal-cortex","display_name":"ventrolateral prefrontal cortex","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basal-ganglia","display_name":"basal ganglia","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-connectivity","display_name":"functional connectivity","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychostimulant-effects","display_name":"psychostimulant effects","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inferior-prefrontal-cortex","display_name":"inferior prefrontal cortex","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroimaging-biomarkers","display_name":"neuroimaging biomarkers","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurotherapy","display_name":"neurotherapy","score":0.5429999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.8889003396034241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.6336836814880371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18680","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","level":3,"score":0.6288096904754639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5822908878326416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778187257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464210","display_name":"Basal ganglia","level":3,"score":0.5638315677642822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780783007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181923","display_name":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","level":2,"score":0.5298309922218323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779632907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13444883","display_name":"Brain Structure and Function","level":3,"score":0.5282477736473083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779226451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903809","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.4973204433917999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52338299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1004354","display_name":"Functional neuroimaging","level":3,"score":0.43266189098358154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3495149612426758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.24861058592796326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.20677313208580017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529278444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47273","display_name":"Central nervous system","level":2,"score":0.15614572167396545}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069445","descriptor_name":"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069445","descriptor_name":"Atomoxetine Hydrochloride","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000697","descriptor_name":"Central Nervous System Stimulants","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000697","descriptor_name":"Central Nervous System Stimulants","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001714","descriptor_name":"Bipolar Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001714","descriptor_name":"Bipolar Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001931","descriptor_name":"Brain Mapping","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003937","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Differential","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008774","descriptor_name":"Methylphenidate","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008774","descriptor_name":"Methylphenidate","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009415","descriptor_name":"Nerve Net","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018696","descriptor_name":"Neuroprotective Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018696","descriptor_name":"Neuroprotective Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019955","descriptor_name":"Conduct Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019955","descriptor_name":"Conduct Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019958","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019958","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049268","descriptor_name":"Positron-Emission Tomography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D066127","descriptor_name":"White Matter","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:25252664","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25252664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Revista de neurologia","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:6557982","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25252664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":113,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1546703732","https://openalex.org/W1593388804","https://openalex.org/W1832744912","https://openalex.org/W1963870699","https://openalex.org/W1964318427","https://openalex.org/W1964377208","https://openalex.org/W1965235192","https://openalex.org/W1966716858","https://openalex.org/W1969959732","https://openalex.org/W1970369875","https://openalex.org/W1976271649","https://openalex.org/W1977715475","https://openalex.org/W1983208632","https://openalex.org/W1983425547","https://openalex.org/W1986452376","https://openalex.org/W1990810316","https://openalex.org/W1991887155","https://openalex.org/W1993166980","https://openalex.org/W1997784861","https://openalex.org/W1998315018","https://openalex.org/W1998772730","https://openalex.org/W2000524224","https://openalex.org/W2001355988","https://openalex.org/W2006503735","https://openalex.org/W2007626633","https://openalex.org/W2010549559","https://openalex.org/W2012330206","https://openalex.org/W2017302093","https://openalex.org/W2019969498","https://openalex.org/W2020732236","https://openalex.org/W2021077818","https://openalex.org/W2027299889","https://openalex.org/W2027716893","https://openalex.org/W2028768318","https://openalex.org/W2030480409","https://openalex.org/W2034192100","https://openalex.org/W2034971882","https://openalex.org/W2040261277","https://openalex.org/W2042305559","https://openalex.org/W2049732418","https://openalex.org/W2050444644","https://openalex.org/W2052598588","https://openalex.org/W2056393189","https://openalex.org/W2057916658","https://openalex.org/W2061637100","https://openalex.org/W2062008415","https://openalex.org/W2063404606","https://openalex.org/W2064794011","https://openalex.org/W2065777888","https://openalex.org/W2066058961","https://openalex.org/W2066633127","https://openalex.org/W2067219344","https://openalex.org/W2068855396","https://openalex.org/W2070220627","https://openalex.org/W2072626594","https://openalex.org/W2074018760","https://openalex.org/W2076046308","https://openalex.org/W2077465062","https://openalex.org/W2079103187","https://openalex.org/W2079253225","https://openalex.org/W2079289698","https://openalex.org/W2080642318","https://openalex.org/W2082502102","https://openalex.org/W2082576086","https://openalex.org/W2084106391","https://openalex.org/W2084187427","https://openalex.org/W2085081755","https://openalex.org/W2086827281","https://openalex.org/W2093061191","https://openalex.org/W2094343465","https://openalex.org/W2095665480","https://openalex.org/W2101262805","https://openalex.org/W2103206785","https://openalex.org/W2104537587","https://openalex.org/W2104856138","https://openalex.org/W2109485534","https://openalex.org/W2110045849","https://openalex.org/W2113225772","https://openalex.org/W2121056219","https://openalex.org/W2123722617","https://openalex.org/W2124548728","https://openalex.org/W2124737300","https://openalex.org/W2128368278","https://openalex.org/W2131578768","https://openalex.org/W2132018962","https://openalex.org/W2133323742","https://openalex.org/W2135264250","https://openalex.org/W2135329307","https://openalex.org/W2136109876","https://openalex.org/W2136600109","https://openalex.org/W2137884776","https://openalex.org/W2137921006","https://openalex.org/W2139063950","https://openalex.org/W2139101018","https://openalex.org/W2139540253","https://openalex.org/W2141333481","https://openalex.org/W2142558626","https://openalex.org/W2143962520","https://openalex.org/W2146822580","https://openalex.org/W2148334755","https://openalex.org/W2148974261","https://openalex.org/W2151837102","https://openalex.org/W2152284414","https://openalex.org/W2155072157","https://openalex.org/W2156645869","https://openalex.org/W2161760134","https://openalex.org/W2162216944","https://openalex.org/W2162678356","https://openalex.org/W2167951976","https://openalex.org/W2168756245","https://openalex.org/W2171266569","https://openalex.org/W2172003132","https://openalex.org/W2325161235"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2135176690","https://openalex.org/W2894618707","https://openalex.org/W2032588944","https://openalex.org/W3193453200","https://openalex.org/W1569510521","https://openalex.org/W2084541778","https://openalex.org/W2012330206","https://openalex.org/W2038098373","https://openalex.org/W2072320805","https://openalex.org/W2382267838"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"AIM:":[0],"To":[1],"review":[2],"the":[3,95,120,133,144,148,153,238],"magnetic":[4],"resonance":[5],"imaging":[6,48,71],"findings":[7],"in":[8,59,104,119],"child":[9],"and":[10,27,40,82,111,152,182,217],"adult":[11],"attention-deficit":[12],"hyperactivity":[13],"disorder":[14],"(ADHD).":[15],"DEVELOPMENT:":[16],"Studies":[17],"have":[18,191,234],"shown":[19,51],"that":[20,52,132,233],"ADHD":[21,53,105,168],"is":[22,54,64,113,143],"characterised":[23,55],"by":[24,56,66,90,221],"multiple":[25],"functional":[26,83],"structural":[28,47,60,81],"neural":[29],"network":[30],"abnormalities":[31,118,232],"including":[32],"most":[33,134],"prominently":[34],"fronto-striatal,":[35],"but":[36,177],"also":[37],"fronto-parieto-temporal,":[38],"fronto-cerebellar":[39],"even":[41],"fronto-limbic":[42],"networks.":[43],"Evidence":[44],"from":[45,69],"longitudinal":[46,91],"studies":[49,72,198],"has":[50],"a":[57,225],"delay":[58],"brain":[61,76,129,230],"maturation.":[62],"This":[63],"reinforced":[65],"indirect":[67],"evidence":[68,115],"cross-sectional":[70],"for":[73,116,207,214],"more":[74,102],"immature":[75],"function":[77,130,231],"as":[78,80,211,224],"well":[79],"connectivity":[84],"patterns,":[85],"which,":[86],"however,":[87],"needs":[88],"corroboration":[89],"studies.":[92],"Dysfunction":[93],"of":[94,125,137,139,147,167,189,195,242],"ventrolateral":[96],"prefrontal":[97,150],"cortex":[98,151],"seems":[99],"to":[100,107,158,162,201,227],"be":[101],"pronounced":[103],"relative":[106],"other":[108],"pediatric":[109],"disorders":[110],"there":[112],"some":[114],"differential":[117],"basal":[121,154],"ganglia.":[122,155],"A":[123],"meta-analysis":[124],"stimulant":[126],"effects":[127],"on":[128,171,203],"shows":[131],"consistent":[135],"mechanism":[136],"action":[138],"acute":[140],"psychostimulant":[141],"medication":[142],"increased":[145],"activation":[146],"inferior":[149],"First":[156],"attempts":[157],"use":[159],"neuroimaging":[160,190,213,223],"data":[161],"make":[163],"individual":[164,215],"diagnostic":[165,216],"classifications":[166],"children":[169],"based":[170],"pattern":[172],"recognition":[173],"techniques":[174],"are":[175],"promising":[176],"need":[178,200],"replication":[179],"across":[180],"centres":[181],"scanners.":[183],"CONCLUSIONS:":[184],"The":[185],"last":[186,239],"two":[187,240],"decades":[188,241],"shaped":[192],"out":[193],"biomarkers":[194],"ADHD.":[196],"Future":[197],"will":[199],"focus":[202],"using":[204,212,222],"this":[205],"information":[206],"clinical":[208],"translation":[209],"such":[210],"prognostic":[218],"classification":[219],"or":[220],"neurotherapy":[226],"reverse":[228],"those":[229],"been":[235],"established":[236],"over":[237],"neuroimaging.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
