{"id":"https://openalex.org/W65247880","doi":null,"title":"The Black Power Movement in Trinidad: An Exploration of Gender and Cultural Changes and the Development of a Feminist Consciousness","display_name":"The Black Power Movement in Trinidad: An Exploration of Gender and Cultural Changes and the Development of a Feminist Consciousness","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W65247880","mag":"65247880"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:vc.bridgew.edu:jiws-1594","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol3/iss1/2","pdf_url":"https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol3/iss1/2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764422806","display_name":"Journal of international women's studies","issn_l":"1539-8706","issn":["1539-8706"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-4","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315793","host_organization_name":"Bridgewater State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315793"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bridgewater State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of International Women's Studies","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol3/iss1/2","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015380974","display_name":"Victoria Pasley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Victoria Pasley","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015380974"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02168739,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":"24","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13222","display_name":"Caribbean history, culture, and politics","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13222","display_name":"Caribbean history, culture, and politics","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14238","display_name":"Historical Gender and Feminism Studies","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14315","display_name":"Feminist Theory and Gender Studies","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-power-movement","display_name":"Black Power","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trinidad","display_name":"Trinidad","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-ideology","display_name":"gender ideology","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feminist-consciousness","display_name":"feminist consciousness","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-movement","display_name":"women's movement","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-consciousness","display_name":"racial consciousness","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiracism","display_name":"anti-racism","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-change","display_name":"cultural change","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oil-boom","display_name":"oil boom","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumerism","display_name":"consumerism","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-roles","display_name":"gender roles","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/newspaper-advertising","display_name":"newspaper advertising","score":0.515999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.6796907186508179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6581263542175293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.655799388885498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778379311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q880483","display_name":"Black Power","level":3,"score":0.5825745463371277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201280247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11032","display_name":"Newspaper","level":2,"score":0.5126668214797974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.4657149314880371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.43357953429222107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4225093126296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186720457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7087","display_name":"Consciousness","level":2,"score":0.4140253961086273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.39063090085983276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.35661470890045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.2625671923160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.18367654085159302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.17611822485923767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:vc.bridgew.edu:jiws-1594","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol3/iss1/2","pdf_url":"https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol3/iss1/2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764422806","display_name":"Journal of international women's studies","issn_l":"1539-8706","issn":["1539-8706"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-4","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315793","host_organization_name":"Bridgewater State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315793"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bridgewater State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of International Women's Studies","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:65247880","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1594&context=jiws","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764422806","display_name":"Journal of international women's studies","issn_l":"1539-8706","issn":["1539-8706"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-4","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315793","host_organization_name":"Bridgewater State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315793"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bridgewater State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of international women's studies","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:vc.bridgew.edu:jiws-1594","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol3/iss1/2","pdf_url":"https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol3/iss1/2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764422806","display_name":"Journal of international women's studies","issn_l":"1539-8706","issn":["1539-8706"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-4","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315793","host_organization_name":"Bridgewater State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315793"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bridgewater State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of International Women's Studies","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9444000124931335,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"},{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W65247880.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W65247880.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W787085139","https://openalex.org/W2478771423","https://openalex.org/W4224106705","https://openalex.org/W3084988297","https://openalex.org/W2135417568","https://openalex.org/W2091637414","https://openalex.org/W2497189478","https://openalex.org/W2216873642","https://openalex.org/W2978671019","https://openalex.org/W2980476746"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"February":[1],"1970":[2],"the":[3,17,24,40,51,61,69,87,91,99,115,119,123,127,130,146,156,166,172,180,192,197,210],"Black":[4,52,120,151,205],"Power":[5,53,121,206],"movement":[6,168],"in":[7,19,86,169,171,224],"Trinidad":[8,170],"exploded":[9],"as":[10],"thousands":[11],"of":[12,37,45,98,118,125,129,139,158,165,182],"young":[13,46],"people":[14],"took":[15],"to":[16,50,108,174,179],"streets":[18],"massive":[20],"demonstrations":[21,88],"that":[22,94,188],"rocked":[23],"island.":[25],"The":[26,213],"government":[27,66],"responded":[28],"by":[29,150,190,196],"arresting":[30],"activists":[31],"and":[32,60,89,103,145,161,200,208,220,231],"ultimately":[33],"declaring":[34],"a":[35,43,76,96,159,183],"state":[36],"emergency.":[38],"At":[39],"same":[41],"time":[42],"group":[44],"army":[47],"officers,":[48],"sympathetic":[49],"movement,":[54,100,122],"mutinied.":[55],"Prime":[56],"Minister":[57],"Eric":[58],"Williams":[59],"People\u2019s":[62],"National":[63],"Movement":[64],"(PNM)":[65],"emerged":[67],"from":[68],"uprising,":[70],"severely":[71],"shaken":[72],"but":[73,101],"still":[74],"with":[75,135,204],"firm":[77],"grip":[78],"on":[79,142],"powers.":[80],"Women":[81],"played":[82],"an":[83,136],"active":[84],"role":[85],"within":[90],"activist":[92],"groups":[93],"were":[95],"part":[97],"scholars":[102],"observers":[104],"generally":[105],"have":[106],"failed":[107],"document":[109],"their":[110],"participation.":[111],"This":[112],"article":[113],"explores":[114],"gender":[116,143,211],"ideology":[117,207],"participation":[124],"women,":[126],"effect":[128],"fight":[131],"against":[132],"racism":[133],"together":[134],"increased":[137,193],"level":[138],"race":[140],"consciousness":[141],"awareness,":[144],"cultural":[147],"changes":[148],"inspired":[149],"Power.":[152],"It":[153,186],"then":[154],"analyses":[155],"emergence":[157],"new":[160],"more":[162],"radical":[163],"phase":[164],"women\u2019s":[167,227],"mid":[173],"late":[175],"1970s,":[176],"which":[177],"led":[178],"beginnings":[181],"feminist":[184],"discourse.":[185],"follows":[187],"development":[189],"assessing":[191],"consumerism":[194],"spawned":[195],"oil":[198],"boom":[199],"how":[201,218],"it":[202],"conflicted":[203],"affected":[209],"system.":[212],"final":[214],"section":[215],"will":[216],"examine":[217],"women":[219],"men":[221],"are":[222],"portrayed":[223],"newspaper":[225,233],"advertisements,":[226],"pages,":[228],"letters,":[229],"articles":[230],"other":[232],"items.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-25T08:18:29.962427","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}