{"id":"https://openalex.org/W64958977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.1997.11671140","title":"Metrics to Evaluate R,D&E","display_name":"Metrics to Evaluate R,D&E","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W64958977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.1997.11671140","mag":"64958977"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08956308.1997.11671140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.1997.11671140","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.1997.11671140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152897404","display_name":"Research-Technology Management","issn_l":"0895-6308","issn":["0895-6308","1930-0166"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research-Technology Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"John R. Hauser","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John R. Hauser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039235340","display_name":"Florian Zettelmeyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0791-2849","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0791-2849"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Zettelmeyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rochester, Simon Graduate School of Business Administration, Rochester, New York"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rochester, Simon Graduate School of Business Administration, Rochester, New York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.7407,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":126,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96904571,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"4","first_page":"32","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14185","display_name":"Research, Science, and Academia","score":0.7109000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14185","display_name":"Research, Science, and Academia","score":0.7109000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.10000000149011612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.04839999973773956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-evaluation","display_name":"research evaluation","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-subsidies","display_name":"corporate subsidies","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-termism","display_name":"short-termism","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technological-competence","display_name":"technological competence","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/not-invented-here-syndrome","display_name":"not-invented-here syndrome","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-spillovers","display_name":"research spillovers","score":0.9850000143051147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.5289480686187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.5069470405578613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.5033227801322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84265765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193219","display_name":"Subsidy","level":2,"score":0.493873655796051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.41458749771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.38956648111343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.3828379511833191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.36426812410354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.34264370799064636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3258116543292999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.25004103779792786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.15788593888282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/08956308.1997.11671140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.1997.11671140","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.1997.11671140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152897404","display_name":"Research-Technology Management","issn_l":"0895-6308","issn":["0895-6308","1930-0166"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research-Technology Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.550000011920929}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W45118328","https://openalex.org/W72743354","https://openalex.org/W310802845","https://openalex.org/W1484416338","https://openalex.org/W1486135718","https://openalex.org/W1487321489","https://openalex.org/W1521087868","https://openalex.org/W1526984400","https://openalex.org/W1551877482","https://openalex.org/W1567732112","https://openalex.org/W1581671442","https://openalex.org/W1970291148","https://openalex.org/W2032467766","https://openalex.org/W2040641039","https://openalex.org/W2123120413","https://openalex.org/W2770803300","https://openalex.org/W4234591204","https://openalex.org/W4298140396","https://openalex.org/W4298197486"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2123120413","https://openalex.org/W7074592164","https://openalex.org/W7019150216","https://openalex.org/W7097145758","https://openalex.org/W328673463","https://openalex.org/W650407245","https://openalex.org/W2273513824","https://openalex.org/W7099775784","https://openalex.org/W1486302258","https://openalex.org/W1964664110"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OVERVIEW:Metrics":[0],"affect":[1],"research":[2,4,51,184,195,222,238,268],"decisions,":[3],"efforts,":[5],"and":[6,21,80,235,270],"the":[7,14,25,29,34,37,86,132,165,168,170,197,259,265],"researchers":[8],"themselves.":[9],"From":[10],"a":[11,94,116,144,152,201],"review":[12],"of":[13,36,85,125,134,167,203,221,264],"literature,":[15],"interviews":[16],"at":[17],"ten":[18],"research-intensive":[19],"organizations,":[20],"formal":[22],"mathematical":[23],"analyses,":[24],"authors":[26],"conclude":[27],"that":[28,99,137,180,240,255],"best":[30],"metrics":[31,58,107,177,179,189,199,225,254],"depend":[32],"upon":[33],"goals":[35,166],"R,D&E":[38,97,163],"activity":[39],"as":[40],"they":[41,67],"vary":[42,89],"from":[43],"applied":[44,54],"projects":[45],"to":[46,49,73,93,122,154,161,182,210,232,247],"competency-building":[47],"programs":[48,98,136],"basic":[50],"explorations.":[52,223],"For":[53,205],"projects,":[55],"market":[56,119,175],"outcome":[57,106,176],"(sales,":[59],"customer":[60],"satisfaction,":[61],"margins,":[62],"profit)":[63],"are":[64,68,241],"relevant":[65],"if":[66],"adjusted":[69],"via":[70],"corporate":[71],"subsidies":[72],"account":[74],"for":[75,218,267],"short-termism,":[76],"risk":[77],"aversion,":[78],"scope,":[79],"options":[81],"thinking.":[82],"The":[83,128],"magnitude":[84],"subsidy":[87],"should":[88,173],"by":[90,215,227,252],"project":[91],"according":[92],"well-defined":[95],"formula.For":[96],"match":[100],"or":[101],"create":[102],"core":[103],"technological":[104],"competence,":[105],"must":[108],"be":[109,271],"moderated":[110],"with":[111,164,178],"\u201ceffort\u201d":[112],"metrics.":[113],"Too":[114],"large":[115,129],"weight":[117,130],"on":[118],"outcomes":[120],"leads":[121,151],"false":[123],"rejection":[124],"promising":[126],"programs.":[127],"encourages":[131],"selection":[133],"lesser-value":[135],"provide":[138],"short-term,":[139],"certain":[140],"results":[141],"concentrated":[142],"in":[143,149,237],"few":[145],"business":[146],"units.":[147],"This,":[148],"turn,":[150],"firm":[153,260],"use":[155],"up":[156],"its":[157],"\u201cresearch":[158,257],"stock.\u201d":[159],"Instead,":[160],"align":[162],"firm,":[169],"metric":[171],"system":[172],"balance":[174],"attempt":[181],"measure":[183],"effort":[185],"more":[186,272],"directly.":[187],"Such":[188],"include":[190],"many":[191,207],"traditional":[192],"indicators.For":[193],"long-term":[194],"explorations,":[196],"right":[198],"encourage":[200,256],"breadth":[202],"ideas.":[204,250],"example,":[206],"firms":[208],"seek":[209],"identify":[211],"their":[212],"\u201cbest":[213],"people\u201d":[214],"rewarding":[216],"them":[217],"successful":[219],"completion":[220],"However,":[224],"implied":[226],"this":[228],"practice":[229],"lead":[230,246],"directly":[231],"\u201cnot-invented-here\u201d":[233],"attitudes":[234],"result":[236],"empires":[239],"larger":[242],"than":[243],"necessary":[244],"but":[245],"fewer":[248],"total":[249],"Alternatively,":[251],"using":[253],"tourism,\u201d":[258],"can":[261],"take":[262],"advantage":[263],"potential":[266],"spillovers":[269],"profitable.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}