{"id":"https://openalex.org/W64851406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/7138938","title":"Carry Hard ICBM basing: A technical assessment","display_name":"Carry Hard ICBM basing: A technical assessment","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-11-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W64851406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/7138938","mag":"64851406"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2172/7138938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/7138938","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2172/7138938","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/7138938","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/7138938","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147922365","display_name":"CA (United States) Lawrence; Livermore National Lab.","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (USA)","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147936465","display_name":"J Harvey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J Harvey","raw_affiliation_strings":["i Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore , California 94551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"i Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore , California 94551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148012612","display_name":"DOD","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"DOD","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147963355","display_name":"DOE/DP","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"DOE/DP","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"A Schaffer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Schaffer","raw_affiliation_strings":["i Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore , California 94551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"i Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore , California 94551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083303473","display_name":"Roger D. Speed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R Speed","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065919795","display_name":"A Todaro","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Todaro","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14423","display_name":"Military Technology and Strategies","score":0.7265999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14423","display_name":"Military Technology and Strategies","score":0.7265999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13371","display_name":"Military Defense Systems Analysis","score":0.23019999265670776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13120","display_name":"Nuclear Issues and Defense","score":0.03530000150203705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soviet-threat","display_name":"Soviet threat","score":0.46000000834465027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776299755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432449","display_name":"Carry (investment)","level":2,"score":0.8412503004074097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7821862697601318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778857364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974850","display_name":"Missile","level":2,"score":0.4999673366546631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4754992425441742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4690314531326294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4415544867515564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34910571575164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.32730579376220703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2939007878303528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.14141198992729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.10904031991958618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2172/7138938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/7138938","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2172/7138938","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/7138938","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:7138938","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7138938","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/7138938","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2172/7138938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/7138938","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2172/7138938","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/7138938","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1101028137","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W-7405-ENG 48","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1702950523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W-7405","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G62358869","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W-7405-ENG","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6445123630","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-7405-ENG-48","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G660437508","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W\u20107405\u2010ENG\u201048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310174","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322035","display_name":"Rural Development Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/03xs9yg50"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332564","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W64851406.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W64851406.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4254562065","https://openalex.org/W2064523418","https://openalex.org/W7024768341","https://openalex.org/W1568644600","https://openalex.org/W257760628","https://openalex.org/W7006032557","https://openalex.org/W3197659566","https://openalex.org/W6996476542","https://openalex.org/W2808706740","https://openalex.org/W657331123"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Carry":[0,61,128],"Hard":[1,62,129],"is":[2,33,103,108,122],"a":[3,67,134,144],"deceptive,":[4],"multiple-aimpoint":[5],"ICBM":[6,141],"basing":[7],"concept":[8,153],"in":[9,58,92],"which":[10,57],"hardened,":[11],"encapsulated":[12],"missiles":[13,97],"are":[14,47],"shuttled":[15],"among":[16,98],"several":[17],"thousand,":[18],"low-cost,":[19],"water-filled":[20],"vertical":[21],"shelters.":[22,100],"Since":[23],"most":[24],"of":[25,71,95,118,140],"the":[26,36,43,88,96,99,106,152,155],"essential":[27],"launch":[28],"and":[29,137,143],"operational":[30],"support":[31],"equipment":[32],"carried":[34],"with":[35,40],"missile":[37],"(not":[38],"provided":[39],"each":[41],"shelter),":[42],"overall":[44],"system":[45,50,107],"costs":[46],"reduced.":[48],"High":[49],"hardness":[51],"permits":[52],"relatively":[53],"close":[54],"shelter":[55],"spacing,":[56],"turn":[59],"allows":[60],"to":[63,87,110,150,154],"be":[64,80,111,148,166],"deployed":[65],"on":[66,161],"comparatively":[68],"small":[69],"piece":[70],"land":[72],"(a":[73],"few":[74],"hundred":[75],"square":[76],"miles)":[77],"that":[78,157],"could":[79],"removed":[81],"from":[82],"public":[83],"access.":[84],"Controlled":[85],"access":[86],"deployment":[89],"area":[90],"helps":[91],"maintaining":[93],"concealment":[94,102],"If":[101],"successfully":[104],"maintained,":[105],"believed":[109],"survivable":[112,138],"against":[113],"plausible":[114],"Soviet":[115],"threats,":[116],"regardless":[117],"whether":[119],"attack-warning":[120],"information":[121],"received":[123],"or":[124],"acted":[125],"upon.":[126],"Thus,":[127],"holds":[130],"high":[131,145],"promise":[132],"as":[133],"feasible,":[135],"affordable,":[136],"means":[139],"deployment,":[142],"priority":[146],"should":[147],"given":[149],"developing":[151],"point":[156],"an":[158],"informed":[159],"decision":[160],"full-scale":[162],"engineering":[163],"development":[164],"can":[165],"made.":[167],"33":[168],"refs.,":[169],"4":[170],"figs.,":[171],"5":[172],"tabs.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}