{"id":"https://openalex.org/W64261677","doi":null,"title":"Managerial perceptions of the cultural distance basis for internationalization decisions by firms","display_name":"Managerial perceptions of the cultural distance basis for internationalization decisions by firms","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W64261677","mag":"64261677"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pub.epsilon.slu.se:9452","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/9452/1/Azar_G_130215.pdf","pdf_url":"https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/9452/1/Azar_G_130215.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402317","display_name":"Epsilon Open Archive (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet biblioteket (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I298625061","host_organization_name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I298625061"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/9452/1/Azar_G_130215.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056677419","display_name":"Goudarz Azar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8129-3092","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8129-3092"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Goudarz Azar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8129-3092","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056677419"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10907","display_name":"International Student and Expatriate Challenges","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14031","display_name":"Global and Cross-Cultural Management","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1403","display_name":"Business and International Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-distance","display_name":"cultural distance","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internationalization-decisions","display_name":"internationalization decisions","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/managerial-perceptions","display_name":"managers' perceptions","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychic-distance","display_name":"psychic distance","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/export-strategy","display_name":"export strategy","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-innovation","display_name":"organizational innovation","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firm-performance","display_name":"firm performance","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-tech-firms","display_name":"low-tech firms","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-preferences","display_name":"cultural preferences","score":0.4869999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97509610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3141064","display_name":"Internationalization","level":2,"score":0.7260236144065857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.6498414278030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67356462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5807210","display_name":"Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory","level":2,"score":0.5615057349205017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5427366495132446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5377898812294006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64341305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4919225","display_name":"Bivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.49073779582977295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.48014184832572937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119469879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15514847","display_name":"Uncertainty avoidance","level":4,"score":0.4488504230976105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193257486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3681519","display_name":"International business","level":2,"score":0.42814818024635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4197571277618408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.339988112449646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.27365952730178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2655543088912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.16745761036872864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.11933845281600952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.10752600431442261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17022365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171995","display_name":"Individualism","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96420161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237789","display_name":"Collectivism","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:pub.epsilon.slu.se:9452","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/9452/1/Azar_G_130215.pdf","pdf_url":"https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/9452/1/Azar_G_130215.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402317","display_name":"Epsilon Open Archive (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet biblioteket (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I298625061","host_organization_name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I298625061"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},{"id":"mag:64261677","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/9452/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pub.epsilon.slu.se:9452","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/9452/1/Azar_G_130215.pdf","pdf_url":"https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/9452/1/Azar_G_130215.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402317","display_name":"Epsilon Open Archive (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet biblioteket (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I298625061","host_organization_name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I298625061"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309292","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320290","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W64261677.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W64261677.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":147,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62824994","https://openalex.org/W63678175","https://openalex.org/W66874288","https://openalex.org/W156783367","https://openalex.org/W305736164","https://openalex.org/W360912841","https://openalex.org/W373070604","https://openalex.org/W573536603","https://openalex.org/W599138544","https://openalex.org/W625579205","https://openalex.org/W1135924602","https://openalex.org/W1204817399","https://openalex.org/W1490216460","https://openalex.org/W1505999675","https://openalex.org/W1526218979","https://openalex.org/W1538014707","https://openalex.org/W1550379659","https://openalex.org/W1551225928","https://openalex.org/W1559370501","https://openalex.org/W1560781297","https://openalex.org/W1585509051","https://openalex.org/W1594721446","https://openalex.org/W1601684265","https://openalex.org/W1722244119","https://openalex.org/W1760549720","https://openalex.org/W1855283887","https://openalex.org/W1895366050","https://openalex.org/W1965520364","https://openalex.org/W1967233032","https://openalex.org/W1969973241","https://openalex.org/W1971449201","https://openalex.org/W1973664387","https://openalex.org/W1973980643","https://openalex.org/W1975649676","https://openalex.org/W1976520110","https://openalex.org/W1978311462","https://openalex.org/W1980054641","https://openalex.org/W1987572975","https://openalex.org/W1987779180","https://openalex.org/W1988154957","https://openalex.org/W1988172371","https://openalex.org/W1990631438","https://openalex.org/W1991623719","https://openalex.org/W1993794559","https://openalex.org/W1995434879","https://openalex.org/W1997353994","https://openalex.org/W1997362231","https://openalex.org/W1997370032","https://openalex.org/W1998187041","https://openalex.org/W1999860894","https://openalex.org/W2001507103","https://openalex.org/W2002061340","https://openalex.org/W2005038499","https://openalex.org/W2005488396","https://openalex.org/W2009724538","https://openalex.org/W2011524086","https://openalex.org/W2012370212","https://openalex.org/W2015137649","https://openalex.org/W2015400104","https://openalex.org/W2016122959","https://openalex.org/W2016323736","https://openalex.org/W2017526499","https://openalex.org/W2023763306","https://openalex.org/W2026089893","https://openalex.org/W2026119149","https://openalex.org/W2026877687","https://openalex.org/W2027001429","https://openalex.org/W2028551347","https://openalex.org/W2030424346","https://openalex.org/W2031899785","https://openalex.org/W2033861428","https://openalex.org/W2034031263","https://openalex.org/W2037751913","https://openalex.org/W2037904119","https://openalex.org/W2038398940","https://openalex.org/W2041988590","https://openalex.org/W2042814974","https://openalex.org/W2042951609","https://openalex.org/W2044751825","https://openalex.org/W2045181804","https://openalex.org/W2047323840","https://openalex.org/W2047471017","https://openalex.org/W2050785507","https://openalex.org/W2050981020","https://openalex.org/W2051247825","https://openalex.org/W2052127890","https://openalex.org/W2058327096","https://openalex.org/W2059434114","https://openalex.org/W2059545825","https://openalex.org/W2060827592","https://openalex.org/W2068759267","https://openalex.org/W2069134389","https://openalex.org/W2071497152","https://openalex.org/W2075191444","https://openalex.org/W2075287664","https://openalex.org/W2076376920","https://openalex.org/W2079541934","https://openalex.org/W2080664492","https://openalex.org/W2082495393","https://openalex.org/W2090861628","https://openalex.org/W2092519659","https://openalex.org/W2095376388","https://openalex.org/W2095748275","https://openalex.org/W2096047888","https://openalex.org/W2100395418","https://openalex.org/W2105099579","https://openalex.org/W2106096361","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2113126348","https://openalex.org/W2122912498","https://openalex.org/W2122929840","https://openalex.org/W2124505706","https://openalex.org/W2125198632","https://openalex.org/W2134884007","https://openalex.org/W2135405887","https://openalex.org/W2135737934","https://openalex.org/W2136118509","https://openalex.org/W2136525652","https://openalex.org/W2136965526","https://openalex.org/W2141116345","https://openalex.org/W2144654898","https://openalex.org/W2145640851","https://openalex.org/W2154049945","https://openalex.org/W2155118765","https://openalex.org/W2156150318","https://openalex.org/W2158929402","https://openalex.org/W2159418291","https://openalex.org/W2164203096","https://openalex.org/W2165298879","https://openalex.org/W2169056299","https://openalex.org/W2169371150","https://openalex.org/W2264802384","https://openalex.org/W2313979614","https://openalex.org/W2321468892","https://openalex.org/W2335289006","https://openalex.org/W2903849486","https://openalex.org/W2953145841","https://openalex.org/W2976425850","https://openalex.org/W3122794957","https://openalex.org/W3123276743","https://openalex.org/W3123289753","https://openalex.org/W3123609782","https://openalex.org/W3125688476","https://openalex.org/W3147383011","https://openalex.org/W3159256711","https://openalex.org/W3216903831","https://openalex.org/W4235678817"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055485274","https://openalex.org/W612396884","https://openalex.org/W2259797749","https://openalex.org/W2293394950","https://openalex.org/W2993071606","https://openalex.org/W2771278932","https://openalex.org/W2751164801","https://openalex.org/W6990265373","https://openalex.org/W2766980387","https://openalex.org/W2261529603"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,73,133,151,228],"role":[1,118],"of":[2,5,12,27,43,59,67,78,91,109,119,123,125,192,210,260,280],"managerial":[3],"perceptions":[4,26,77,108,259],"cultural":[6,79,110,126,233,261,285,292],"distance":[7,62,111,183,196,234,262,293],"in":[8,17,29,32,63,96,128,139,213,287],"the":[9,56,89,104,116,147,206,295,299],"internationalization":[10,207],"decisions":[11],"'LOW-TECH'":[13,92],"firms":[14,93,218],"is":[15],"explored":[16],"this":[18],"thesis.":[19],"A":[20,51],"first":[21],"empirical":[22,53],"study":[23,54],"examined":[24,55,95,103,154],"managers'":[25,76],"dissimilarity":[28],"food":[30,49,60,71,181],"culture":[31,36,61,182],"foreign":[33,68,129,193,214],"markets":[34,69,130,215,251],"(food":[35],"distance),":[37,85],"as":[38,121,146,278],"an":[39,44,185,252],"antecedent":[40],"to":[41,65,199,219,265,275],"adaptation":[42],"export":[45],"marketing":[46,188,222],"strategy":[47],"for":[48,241,255],"companies.":[50],"second":[52],"explanatory":[57],"power":[58],"relation":[64],"choice":[66,191],"by":[70],"exporters.":[72],"relationship":[74],"between":[75,106,294],"and":[80,88,112,173,190,239,298],"other":[81],"business":[82,246],"differences":[83,212],"(psychic":[84],"organizational":[86],"innovation,":[87],"performance":[90],"was":[94,131,178,197],"a":[97,101,167,201,290],"third":[98],"study,":[99],"while":[100,224],"fourth":[102],"congruence":[105],"mangers'":[107],"objective":[113,270],"reality.":[114,271],"Finally,":[115],"strategic":[117],"inpatriates":[120,273],"sources":[122,279],"knowledge":[124,281],"preferences":[127,286],"analyzed.":[132],"quantitative":[134],"data":[135,148],"used":[136],"were":[137,153,263],"obtained":[138],"two":[140],"separate":[141],"surveys":[142],"that":[143,180,231,248],"employed":[144],"questionnaires":[145],"collection":[149],"technique.":[150],"hypotheses":[152],"using":[155],"three":[156],"multivariate":[157],"analysis":[158,165],"techniques:":[159],"structural":[160],"equation":[161],"modeling":[162],"(SEM),":[163],"regression":[164],"with":[166,269,289],"clustered":[168],"robust":[169],"standard":[170],"errors":[171],"approach,":[172],"bivariate":[174],"correlation":[175],"analysis.":[176],"It":[177],"found":[179,198,264],"influences":[184],"internationalizing":[186,256],"firm's":[187,202],"strategies":[189,204],"market.":[194],"Psychic":[195],"affect":[200],"innovation":[203],"during":[205],"process.":[208],"Perception":[209],"substantial":[211],"may":[216],"lead":[217],"adapt":[220],"their":[221],"programs":[223],"conducting":[225],"innovative":[226],"strategies.":[227],"results":[229],"indicated":[230],"perceived":[232],"not":[235],"only":[236],"entails":[237],"challenges":[238],"difficulties":[240],"firms,":[242],"but":[243],"also":[244],"provides":[245],"opportunities":[247],"make":[249],"distant":[250],"attractive":[253],"target":[254],"firms.":[257],"Managers'":[258],"be":[266,276],"highly":[267],"congruent":[268],"Moreover,":[272],"proved":[274],"important":[277],"about,":[282],"inter":[283],"alia,":[284],"situations":[288],"great":[291],"home":[296],"country":[297],"host":[300],"country.":[301]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
