{"id":"https://openalex.org/W641777474","doi":null,"title":"HIV-1 associated neuroinflammation : effects of two complimentary medicines illustrated in an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier","display_name":"HIV-1 associated neuroinflammation : effects of two complimentary medicines illustrated in an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W641777474","mag":"641777474"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/95869","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95869","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95869","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400300","display_name":"SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","host_organization_name":"Stellenbosch University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95869","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087851878","display_name":"Luan Dane Africa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luan Dane Africa","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087851878"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.8481000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.8481000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11872","display_name":"Barrier Structure and Function Studies","score":0.05490000173449516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11266","display_name":"Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms","score":0.0272000003606081,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-associated-neuroinflammation","display_name":"HIV-associated neuroinflammation","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-associated-neurocognitive-disorders","display_name":"HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sutherlandia-frutescens","display_name":"Sutherlandia frutescens","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grape-seed-extract","display_name":"grape seed extract","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-brain-barrier","display_name":"blood-brain barrier","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tat-protein","display_name":"Tat protein","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interleukin-1beta","display_name":"IL-1\u03b2","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mcp-1","display_name":"MCP-1","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monocyte-migration","display_name":"monocyte migration","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrocytes","display_name":"astrocytes","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-inflammatory-activity","display_name":"anti-inflammatory activity","score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-aids","display_name":"HIV/AIDS","score":0.38100001215934753}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87753298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17157137","display_name":"Neuroinflammation","level":3,"score":0.917313814163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778402981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221694","display_name":"Blood\u2013brain barrier","level":3,"score":0.7592828869819641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.6742199659347534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202751555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681","display_name":"In vitro","level":2,"score":0.6418411731719971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.48733004927635193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.4590948522090912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.34320521354675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.34159067273139954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2838742733001709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.26558053493499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529278444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47273","display_name":"Central nervous system","level":2,"score":0.16812729835510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammation","level":2,"score":0.16607463359832764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.05472034215927124}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/95869","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95869","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95869","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400300","display_name":"SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","host_organization_name":"Stellenbosch University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:641777474","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholar.sun.ac.za:443/bitstream/10019.1/95869/3/africa_hiv_2014.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/95869","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95869","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95869","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400300","display_name":"SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","host_organization_name":"Stellenbosch University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W641777474.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W641777474.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44613858","https://openalex.org/W1530364137","https://openalex.org/W1669010713","https://openalex.org/W1967221196","https://openalex.org/W1968455762","https://openalex.org/W1972609039","https://openalex.org/W1973117921","https://openalex.org/W1974526050","https://openalex.org/W1983688604","https://openalex.org/W1988853421","https://openalex.org/W1990773400","https://openalex.org/W1991504591","https://openalex.org/W1992644506","https://openalex.org/W1992936869","https://openalex.org/W2003130463","https://openalex.org/W2003163518","https://openalex.org/W2004365491","https://openalex.org/W2006075547","https://openalex.org/W2007876572","https://openalex.org/W2008511207","https://openalex.org/W2009435405","https://openalex.org/W2010160468","https://openalex.org/W2012348258","https://openalex.org/W2012911450","https://openalex.org/W2014885025","https://openalex.org/W2016836786","https://openalex.org/W2017001156","https://openalex.org/W2020785892","https://openalex.org/W2021988159","https://openalex.org/W2027871116","https://openalex.org/W2029752274","https://openalex.org/W2031500087","https://openalex.org/W2031682879","https://openalex.org/W2036832724","https://openalex.org/W2046468113","https://openalex.org/W2047838688","https://openalex.org/W2049163289","https://openalex.org/W2052900571","https://openalex.org/W2054735547","https://openalex.org/W2055345597","https://openalex.org/W2064703363","https://openalex.org/W2074210614","https://openalex.org/W2074466423","https://openalex.org/W2075209873","https://openalex.org/W2075319928","https://openalex.org/W2078325825","https://openalex.org/W2080793392","https://openalex.org/W2083172100","https://openalex.org/W2083199194","https://openalex.org/W2095172987","https://openalex.org/W2097433834","https://openalex.org/W2101947529","https://openalex.org/W2104306818","https://openalex.org/W2108478491","https://openalex.org/W2108786133","https://openalex.org/W2113325109","https://openalex.org/W2113451960","https://openalex.org/W2115118763","https://openalex.org/W2116738454","https://openalex.org/W2120357014","https://openalex.org/W2121511328","https://openalex.org/W2129203591","https://openalex.org/W2130599091","https://openalex.org/W2131737862","https://openalex.org/W2134436492","https://openalex.org/W2137012634","https://openalex.org/W2140712805","https://openalex.org/W2148457862","https://openalex.org/W2152364824","https://openalex.org/W2155226726","https://openalex.org/W2158096469","https://openalex.org/W2160290141","https://openalex.org/W2160315859","https://openalex.org/W2162166621","https://openalex.org/W2162723667","https://openalex.org/W2165895151","https://openalex.org/W2166209080","https://openalex.org/W2166833739","https://openalex.org/W2169651664","https://openalex.org/W2323385474","https://openalex.org/W2323859250","https://openalex.org/W2374159384","https://openalex.org/W4313422280"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1576856808","https://openalex.org/W2152510100","https://openalex.org/W2594103907","https://openalex.org/W3187021717","https://openalex.org/W4408218951","https://openalex.org/W637638626","https://openalex.org/W2975552991","https://openalex.org/W4414707597","https://openalex.org/W2113451960","https://openalex.org/W2080671503"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ENGLISH":[0],"ABSTRACT:":[1],"Background:":[2],"Neuroinflammation":[3],"is":[4,42,46,64,368],"central":[5],"to":[6,55,262,269,285,334,370,377,404,414],"the":[7,29,99,103,116,124,146,201,249,288,304,307,314,321,338,348,372,397,409,435],"aetiology":[8],"of":[9,31,58,105,118,126,145,153,190,306,317,340,350,383,396,437],"HIV-associated":[10,241,265],"neurocognitive":[11],"disorders":[12],"(HAND)":[13],"that":[14,35,313,366,423],"are":[15,23],"prevalent":[16],"in":[17,28,38,52,85,98,102,115,134,139,141,240,255,303,329,337,380,391,393,412,434],"late":[18,27],"stage":[19,358],"AIDS.":[20],"ARV":[21],"treatments":[22],"rolled":[24],"out":[25],"relatively":[26],"context":[30,87,104,117,136,339,436],"neuroinflammatory":[32],"changes,":[33],"so":[34],"their":[36],"usefulness":[37],"directly":[39],"preventing":[40],"HAND":[41],"probably":[43],"limited.":[44],"It":[45],"common":[47],"practice":[48],"for":[49,83,282],"HIV+":[50],"individuals":[51],"developing":[53],"countries":[54],"make":[56],"use":[57,84,316,349],"traditional/complimentary":[59],"medicines.":[60],"One":[61],"such":[62],"medicine":[63,82],"Sutherlandia":[65],"frutescens":[66,185,222,352],"-":[67,88],"commonly":[68],"consumed":[69],"as":[70,130,161,163,353,388,390,430],"a":[71,78,236,256],"water":[72],"infusion.":[73],"We":[74],"have":[75,94,111],"also":[76],"identified":[77],"new":[79],"candidate":[80],"complimentary":[81,431],"this":[86,135,191],"grape":[89,424],"seed-derived":[90,425],"proanthocyanidolic":[91],"oligomers":[92],"(PCO)":[93],"significant":[95],"anti-inflammatory":[96,132,354],"action":[97],"peripheral":[100],"compartment":[101],"e.g.":[106],"skeletal":[107],"muscle":[108],"injury,":[109],"but":[110,228],"not":[112],"been":[113],"investigated":[114,138],"either":[119],"neuroinflammation":[120,242,336],"or":[121,186],"HIV/AIDS.":[122,341,438],"Here":[123],"efficacy":[125],"these":[127],"two":[128],"substances":[129],"an":[131,140,325,392],"modality":[133,355],"was":[137,212,402],"vitro":[142,330,394],"co-culture":[143],"model":[144,331],"blood-brain":[147],"barrier":[148],"(BBB).":[149],"Methods:":[150],"Single":[151],"cultures":[152,382],"human":[154,159,384],"astrocytes,":[155],"HUVECs":[156],"and":[157,197,244,279,299,320,374,386],"primary":[158],"monocytes,":[160],"well":[162,389],"co-cultures":[164],"(BBB),":[165],"were":[166,203],"stimulated":[167],"with":[168,183,208,264,332],"HIV-1":[169,378,415],"subtype":[170],"B":[171,210],"&":[172],"C":[173,216],"Tat":[174,211],"protein":[175],"and/or":[176],"HL2/3":[177,318,419],"cell":[178],"secretory":[179],"proteins":[180,379,416],"after":[181],"pre-treatment":[182,192,253,294],"S.":[184,221,270,351],"PCO":[187,252,272,293,367,401,426],"extracts.":[188],"Effects":[189],"on":[193],"pro-inflammatory":[194,214],"mediator":[195],"expression":[196,302],"monocyte":[198,231,246,274,406],"migration":[199],"across":[200,248,287,408],"BBB":[202,250,290,323,411],"assessed.":[204],"Results:":[205],"In":[206,267,342,399],"accordance":[207],"others,":[209],"more":[213],"than":[215],"Tat,":[217],"validating":[218],"our":[219,344],"model.":[220],"decreased":[223,280,295],"IL-1\u03b2":[224,259,375],"secretion":[225],"significantly":[226,257],"(P<0.0001),":[227],"exacerbated":[229],"both":[230,296],"chemoattractant":[232,275],"protein-1":[233,276],"(P<0001)":[234,277],"\u2013":[235,243],"major":[237],"role":[238],"player":[239],"CD14+":[245,283],"infiltration":[247],"(P<0.01).":[251],"resulted":[254],"dampened":[258],"(P<0.0001)":[260],"response":[261,278,376,413],"stimulation":[263],"proteins.":[266],"contrast":[268],"frutescens,":[271],"modulated":[273],"capacity":[281],"monocytes":[284],"migrate":[286],"simulated":[289,322,410],"(P<0.0001).":[291],"Additionally,":[292],"GFAP":[297],"(P<0.001)":[298,301],"HSP-27":[300],"astrocytes":[305,385],"BBB.":[308,398],"Conclusions:":[309],"Current":[310],"data":[311,362],"illustrates":[312],"combined":[315],"cells":[319],"presents":[324],"accurate,":[326],"disease":[327],"relevant":[328],"which":[333],"study":[335],"addition,":[343,400],"results":[345],"caution":[346],"against":[347],"at":[356],"any":[357],"post-HIV":[359],"infection.":[360],"Novel":[361],"presented":[363],"here":[364],"illustrate":[365],"able":[369,403],"blunt":[371],"MCP-1":[373],"single":[381],"HUVECs,":[387],"simulation":[395],"limit":[405],"transmigration":[407],"generated":[417],"by":[418],"cells.":[420],"This":[421],"suggests":[422],"could":[427],"be":[428],"considered":[429],"anti-neuroinflammatory":[432],"drug":[433]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}