{"id":"https://openalex.org/W640902814","doi":null,"title":"Assessing Metrics of Climate Change. Current Methods and Future Possibilities.","display_name":"Assessing Metrics of Climate Change. Current Methods and Future Possibilities.","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W640902814","mag":"640902814"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:9557","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://elib.dlr.de/9557/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Berichtsreihe"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11250/192042","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001435396","display_name":"Jan S. Fuglestvedt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6140-8374","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6140-8374"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan S. Fuglestvedt","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6140-8374","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086592897","display_name":"Terje Koren Berntsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5971-5930","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5971-5930"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Terje K. Berntsen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5971-5930","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001439840","display_name":"Odd Godal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Odd Godal","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003203044","display_name":"ROBERT SAUSEN","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9572-2393","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9572-2393"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Sausen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9572-2393","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042509503","display_name":"Keith Peter Shine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2672-9978","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2672-9978"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keith P. Shine","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2672-9978","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057815141","display_name":"Tora Skodvin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6673-5016","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6673-5016"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tora Skodvin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6673-5016","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.9692000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.9692000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.015599999576807022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12615","display_name":"Climate Change and Geoengineering","score":0.006399999838322401,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas-emissions","display_name":"greenhouse gas emissions","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-equivalent","display_name":"CO2 equivalent","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-warming-potential","display_name":"global warming potential","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiative-forcing","display_name":"radiative forcing","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-co2-greenhouse-gases","display_name":"non-CO2 greenhouse gases","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kyoto-protocol","display_name":"Kyoto Protocol","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/un-framework-convention-on-climate-change","display_name":"UN Framework Convention on Climate Change","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-policy","display_name":"climate policy","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-impact-assessment","display_name":"climate impact assessment","score":0.4690000116825104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.5233687162399292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.4642667770385742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3960202932357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39200425148010254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3372591733932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.33460938930511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.3282238245010376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.24078139662742615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.19351696968078613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:9557","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://elib.dlr.de/9557/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Berichtsreihe"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pub.cicero.oslo.no:11250/192042","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11250/192042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064446","display_name":"NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"51","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.duo.uio.no:10852/32733","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10852/32733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064446","display_name":"NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/report"},{"id":"mag:640902814","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/32733/1688.pdf?sequence=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604845","display_name":"51","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"other"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"51","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pub.cicero.oslo.no:11250/192042","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11250/192042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064446","display_name":"NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"51","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":1.0,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":95,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28960723","https://openalex.org/W40624884","https://openalex.org/W47343270","https://openalex.org/W153663800","https://openalex.org/W178191088","https://openalex.org/W184159329","https://openalex.org/W266644360","https://openalex.org/W638157827","https://openalex.org/W1510536659","https://openalex.org/W1518504097","https://openalex.org/W1529528924","https://openalex.org/W1545674089","https://openalex.org/W1585465957","https://openalex.org/W1587057093","https://openalex.org/W1598606400","https://openalex.org/W1600555178","https://openalex.org/W1607010518","https://openalex.org/W1614000160","https://openalex.org/W1759145845","https://openalex.org/W1928911379","https://openalex.org/W1966435905","https://openalex.org/W1967999190","https://openalex.org/W1968772435","https://openalex.org/W1974674114","https://openalex.org/W1975582232","https://openalex.org/W1977219394","https://openalex.org/W1979186030","https://openalex.org/W1985005800","https://openalex.org/W1988473208","https://openalex.org/W1990831891","https://openalex.org/W1991146308","https://openalex.org/W1992353995","https://openalex.org/W1993271069","https://openalex.org/W1993582372","https://openalex.org/W1993998665","https://openalex.org/W1995986570","https://openalex.org/W2005685164","https://openalex.org/W2007043588","https://openalex.org/W2013586007","https://openalex.org/W2014471711","https://openalex.org/W2025402604","https://openalex.org/W2032073492","https://openalex.org/W2038239334","https://openalex.org/W2039904971","https://openalex.org/W2040008145","https://openalex.org/W2040195880","https://openalex.org/W2043546816","https://openalex.org/W2045465689","https://openalex.org/W2052562764","https://openalex.org/W2056010303","https://openalex.org/W2056525957","https://openalex.org/W2057192297","https://openalex.org/W2057986607","https://openalex.org/W2058517227","https://openalex.org/W2060049003","https://openalex.org/W2060743316","https://openalex.org/W2063018768","https://openalex.org/W2063569737","https://openalex.org/W2066606300","https://openalex.org/W2068733854","https://openalex.org/W2068799542","https://openalex.org/W2069245608","https://openalex.org/W2070087564","https://openalex.org/W2070608669","https://openalex.org/W2070804679","https://openalex.org/W2071217061","https://openalex.org/W2072461524","https://openalex.org/W2074591771","https://openalex.org/W2075198464","https://openalex.org/W2084939434","https://openalex.org/W2086072652","https://openalex.org/W2087605389","https://openalex.org/W2087913831","https://openalex.org/W2088169361","https://openalex.org/W2090301079","https://openalex.org/W2090902392","https://openalex.org/W2094770566","https://openalex.org/W2095143714","https://openalex.org/W2116625062","https://openalex.org/W2117700579","https://openalex.org/W2126150481","https://openalex.org/W2126367227","https://openalex.org/W2145734859","https://openalex.org/W2153985438","https://openalex.org/W2154579084","https://openalex.org/W2162779597","https://openalex.org/W2167807158","https://openalex.org/W2167898602","https://openalex.org/W2211959266","https://openalex.org/W2287168813","https://openalex.org/W2291277317","https://openalex.org/W2462608881","https://openalex.org/W2472542534","https://openalex.org/W2498156090","https://openalex.org/W3036233966"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2104948243","https://openalex.org/W7097921813","https://openalex.org/W1530693472","https://openalex.org/W4407109720","https://openalex.org/W2165294865","https://openalex.org/W7096245434","https://openalex.org/W2159370940","https://openalex.org/W4405806843","https://openalex.org/W3108718450","https://openalex.org/W7002290310"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0,71],"the":[1,7,38,43,46,53,74,104,116,174,184,212,215,224,235,262,276,304],"principle":[2],"of":[3,60,67,76,79,118,150,163,214,234,239,275,281,307,310],"comprehensiveness":[4],"embedded":[5],"in":[6,37,111,127,161,279,303],"UN":[8],"Framework":[9],"Convention":[10],"on":[11,23,103,115,156,170],"Climate":[12],"Change":[13],"(Art.":[14,69],"3),":[15],"a":[16,77,229,288],"multi-gas":[17],"abatement":[18],"strategy":[19],"with":[20,82,153,194,200,267],"emphasis":[21,155],"also":[22,258],"non-CO2":[24],"greenhouse":[25,63,80],"gases":[26,64,68,81,181],"as":[27,52,173],"targets":[28],"for":[29,247],"reduction":[30],"and":[31,87,124,133,147,159,188,199,211,231,242,295],"control":[32,198],"measures":[33],"has":[34,130],"been":[35,131,139],"adopted":[36],"international":[39],"climate":[40,151,175,203,311],"regime.":[41],"In":[42,141],"Kyoto":[44],"Protocol,":[45],"comprehensive":[47],"approach":[48],"is":[49,101,113,191,221,228,265],"made":[50],"operative":[51],"\u201caggregate":[54],"anthropogenic":[55],"carbon":[56],"dioxide":[57],"equivalent":[58],"emissions\u201d":[59],"six":[61],"specified":[62],"or":[65],"groups":[66],"3).":[70],"this":[72,142,296],"operationalisation,":[73],"emissions":[75],"set":[78],"very":[83],"different":[84,251],"atmospheric":[85],"lifetimes":[86],"radiative":[88,119,157,225],"properties":[89],"are":[90,182,208,245],"transformed":[91],"into":[92,301],"one":[93],"common":[94],"unit":[95],"\u2013":[96],"\u201cCO2":[97],"equivalents\u201d.":[98],"This":[99,167],"transformation":[100],"based":[102,114],"Global":[105],"Warming":[106],"Potential":[107],"(GWP)":[108],"index,":[109],"which":[110,180,187],"turn":[112],"concept":[117,227,264],"forcing.":[120],"The":[121],"GWP":[122,263],"metric":[123,233],"its":[125],"application":[126],"policy":[128],"making":[129],"debated,":[132],"several":[134],"other":[135],"alternative":[136,148],"concepts":[137],"have":[138],"suggested.":[140],"paper,":[143],"we":[144],"review":[145],"existing":[146],"metrics":[149,216,309],"change,":[152],"particular":[154],"forcing":[158,226],"GWPs,":[160],"terms":[162,280],"their":[164,255],"scientific":[165],"performance.":[166],"assessment":[168],"focuses":[169],"questions":[171],"such":[172],"impact":[176,238],"(end":[177],"point)":[178],"against":[179],"weighted;":[183],"extent":[185],"to":[186,196,202,217,254,291],"how":[189,205],"temporality":[190],"included,":[192],"both":[193],"regard":[195,201],"emission":[197],"impact;":[204],"cost":[206],"issues":[207],"dealt":[209],"with;":[210],"sensitivity":[213],"various":[218,240],"assumptions.":[219],"It":[220],"concluded":[222],"that":[223,243,260],"robust":[230],"useful":[232],"potential":[236],"climatic":[237],"agents":[241],"there":[244],"prospects":[246],"improvement":[248],"by":[249],"weighing":[250],"forcings":[252],"according":[253],"effectiveness.":[256],"We":[257],"find":[259],"although":[261],"associated":[266],"serious":[268],"shortcomings,":[269],"it":[270],"retains":[271],"advantages":[272],"over":[273],"any":[274],"proposed":[277],"alternatives":[278],"political":[282],"feasibility.":[283],"Alternative":[284],"metrics,":[285],"however,":[286],"make":[287],"significant":[289],"contribution":[290,297],"addressing":[292],"important":[293],"issues,":[294],"should":[298],"be":[299],"taken":[300],"account":[302],"further":[305],"development":[306],"refined":[308],"change.":[312]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}